Diaspora

Diaspora refers to dispersion of citizens of any country to foreign lands for various reasons. Like most peoples of the world, Bengalis have joined the world trend of human mobility across continents and countries. Historical evidence suggests that from ancient times Bengalis have been immigrating to foreign lands. Scholars agree about the facts of Bengali Diaspora to Southeast Asia including South India and Sri Lanka in ancient and medieval times, the reasons for such movement were not elaborated. Religious missions, social and religious persecutions, famines, trade and commerce, wars etc. are usually considered, depending on circumstances, as probable causes.

It seems that the Bengalis showed aversion to external emigration only from the late Mughal period. The relative prosperity and political stability of the nawabi period might have contributed to grow up this trend. The aversion became almost a taboo during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Overseas visits by Bengalis, however, began to increase from the mid-nineteenth century. Curiously, Bengali diaspora in modern times do not follow the ancient paths of migration. As of olden days, it was not a track followed by people struck by famines or fomented by religious and commercial practitioners. Modern overseas migration is even practised by very ordinary people like domestic servants, field workers, and sailors.

Ever since the European maritime contact was set up with Bengal in the 16th and 17th centuries, Portuguese, French, English, Dutch, Danes and other European peoples, who came to Bengal in mercantile pursuits, set up trading settlements and kuthis in various parts of Bengal. In their establishments were engaged numerous natives including ayahs and domestic servants. As an effect of the Industrial Revolution, domestic servants were already becoming very scarce and expensive in Britain and other West European countries. Many of the nawabs (or people who made fabulous fortunes in Bengal), who became used to oriental comforts, took their ayahs and servants with them from homelands. Their number is not inconsiderable. According to the British census of 1801, Britain alone had about fifty thousand Bengali ayahs and servants. Many of these ayahs had borne children for their masters. This pattern of migration, following the track of the British civilians, military personnel, merchants, indigo planters etc, continued down to the end of the 19th century. Many navigation companies recruited Bengali laskars (sailors), many of whom settled overseas. Mirza Abu Talib Khan, who visited Europe in the closing years of the 18th centuries, had noticed that Bengali sailors had settled in Maldives, Mauritius, St. Helena and England.

Outward migration began to receive state promotion from the late 19th century. In view of recurring famines from the 1860s, successive governments thought of transferring surplus labour to labour hungry areas of the world, particularly to countries having British plantation interests. In 1874, the government adopted a scheme for sending landless peasants to Assam and Burma to participate in reclamation drives there. A Directorate of Emigration to Burma was established in 1874 by the government of Lieutenant Governor Richard Temple (1874-1877). Attractive terms like free allotment of land, high wages and free return passage were offered to induce emigration. Another directorate was established for overseas emigration. Recruiting centres were opened in various parts of Bengal for indentured labour. According to government estimates (1874), over 10,000 agricultural labourers from deficit districts of Bengal took advantage of government schemes and went to Burma and overseas. By 1920, Bengali emigration to Burma reached about a million. As for indentured labour, the response was not as enthusiastic. According to the Annual Administration Report of 1895, hardly ten thousand people engaged themselves as indentured labour since 1874.

Table 1  Departure of Bangladeshi Nationals on Employment by Destination (1986-2010)

Country	1986	1990	1995	2000	2005	2008	2010
UAE	8790	8307	14686	34034	61978	419355	203308
Kuwait	10286	5957	17492	594	47029	319	48
Saudi Arabia	27335	57486	84009	144618	80425	132124	7069
Bahrain	2597	4563	3004	4637	10716	13182	21824
Malaysia	530	1385	35174	17237	2911	131762	919
Oman	6255	13980	20949	5258	4827	52896	42641
Singapore	25	776	3762	11095	9651	56581	39053
Others	23226	11364	8467	5213	33051	68819	75840
Total	68658	103814	187543	222686	252702	875055	390702

Source  Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training (BMET).

Labour migration from Bengal, especially to England, got some momentum when imperial laws provided the people of its colonies a special right to work in Britain. Most migrants worked there as service personnel and attendants and became waiters, cleaners, cooks and kitchen assistants, salesperson and laskars. Migration, however, remained essentially a practice of individuals. The industrialised nations of the West began to buy labour from the third world increasingly from the 1950s. The international labour market became buoyant in the 1960s. But Bangalis were slow to take advantage of the market largely because of their disadvantaged political situation. The trend changed in the mid-1970s with the opening of job markets for Bangladeshi labourers in the Middle-East and with the establishment of manpower recruitment agencies.

The government started viewing manpower export as a mechanism of reducing the pressure of mounting unemployment and also as a means of earning foreign exchange. In 1976, remittances by Bangladeshis working abroad reached Tk 760 million. Remittance from abroad became the largest foreign exchange earner followed only jute goods. According to official statistics, only 765 Bangladeshis went abroad for employment in 1975. The figure rose to 6,087 persons in the following year. The number increased progressively upto 2008. But in next two years (2009-2010), the opportunity for Bangladeshi workers declined remarkably for various reasons including global recessions specially the crisis in labour market of the Middle East. Table-1 presents the relevant data by country of destination.

Table 2  Migration of Bangladeshi Nationals by Types of Workers  (1976-2010).

Year	The number of migration based on skill				Total
	Professionals	Skilled workers	Semi-skilled workers	Unskilled workers
1976	568	1,775	543	3,201	6,087
1980	1,983	12,209	2,343	13,538	30,073
1985	2,568	28,225	1,823	39,078	77,694
1990	6,004	3,561	20,792	41,405	103,814
1995	6,352	59,907	32,055	89,229	187,543
2000	10,669	99,606	26,461	85,950	222,686
2005	1,945	113,655	24,546	112,556	252,702
2010	387	90,621	12,469	279,673	383,150
Total	180,680	2,151,125	1,038,137	3,744,468	7,114,410
% Of total number	02.54	30.24	14.59	52.63	-

Source Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training.

Remittances by Bangladeshis working abroad and the businessmen were Tk 4.96 billion and Tk 693.60 billion in 1980 and 2010 respectively. About 65% of the Bangladeshis leaving for employment abroad in 1990 were unskilled or semi-skilled workers, 6% construction labour, 6% vehicle drivers, 8% technicians, 5% catering workers and 10% professionals including engineers, doctors and teachers. By 2010, the composition shifted towards an increased share of workers with an absolute increase in the number of migrants. During this year, 2.54% of the Bangladeshis migrate for various professionals, 30.24% were skilled workers, 14.59% semi-skilled labours and 52.63% unskilled workers. Table-2 shows the distribution of Bangladeshi migrants by groups of skilled and unskilled workers.

Apart from a partial solution of the unemployment problem and as a foreign exchange earner, the migration of Bangladeshis to countries of the Middle-East, Europe, North America and South-East and East Asia has had a major impact on the economy and culture of the country in terms of developing new forms of business and entrepreneurship, transfer of technology, and exchange of culture. [Sirajul Islam]