https://en.banglapedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MukbilBanglapedia - User contributions [en]2026-09-04T11:24:21ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.40.0https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Soil_Consistency&diff=15649Soil Consistency2026-08-26T06:16:13Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Soil Consistency''' the feel of the [[Soil|soil]], reflecting relative resistance to pressure: eg friable, firm, hard, loose, plastic. The term soil consistency is used to describe the resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations. It is commonly measured by feeling and manipulating the soil by hand or by pulling a tillage instrument through it. The consistency of soils is generally described at three soil moisture levels: wet, moist and dry. Terms used to describe soil consistency at these three moisture levels are shown in the table.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''Wet soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Moist soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Dry soils'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stickiness''' || '''Plasticity'''<br />
|-<br />
| Nonsticky|| Nonplastic || Loose || Loose<br />
|-<br />
| Slightly sticky || Slightly plastic || Very friable || Soft<br />
|-<br />
| Sticky || Plastic || Friable || Slightly hard<br />
|-<br />
| Very sticky || Very plastic || Firm || Hard<br />
|- <br />
| || || Very firm || Very hard<br />
|- <br />
| || || Extremely firm || Extremely hard<br />
|}<br />
Terms such as weakly cemented, strongly cemented, and indurated are used to define categories of cementation. Consistency has importance for the practical use of soils such as soil tillage and compaction by farm machinery.<br />
<br />
[[Acid Basin Clay|acid basin clay]]s are featured by heavy soil consistency (making the soils difficult to plough both when wet and when dry). Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soils and Noncalcareous Dark Grey Floodplain soils show firmer consistency. Calcareous Brown Floodplain soils develop more friable consistency. [Md Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:মৃত্তিকা সংবদ্ধতা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Soil_Consistency&diff=15648Soil Consistency2026-08-26T06:11:31Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Soil Consistency''' the feel of the [[Soil|soil]], reflecting relative resistance to pressure: eg friable, firm, hard, loose, plastic. The term soil consistency is used to describe the resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations. It is commonly measured by feeling and manipulating the soil by hand or by pulling a tillage instrument through it. The consistency of soils is generally described at three soil moisture levels: wet, moist and dry. Terms used to describe soil consistency at these three moisture levels are shown in the table.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''Wet soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Moist soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Dry soils'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stickiness''' || '''Plasticity'''<br />
|-<br />
| Nonsticky|| Nonplastic || Loose || Loose<br />
|-<br />
| Slightly sticky || Slightly plastic || Very friable || Soft<br />
|-<br />
| Sticky || Plastic || Friable || Slightly hard<br />
|-<br />
| Very sticky || Very plastic || Firm Hard || Very firm<br />
|- <br />
| || || Very hard || Extremely firm<br />
|- <br />
| || || Extremely hard<br />
|}<br />
Terms such as weakly cemented, strongly cemented, and indurated are used to define categories of cementation. Consistency has importance for the practical use of soils such as soil tillage and compaction by farm machinery.<br />
<br />
[[Acid Basin Clay|acid basin clay]]s are featured by heavy soil consistency (making the soils difficult to plough both when wet and when dry). Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soils and Noncalcareous Dark Grey Floodplain soils show firmer consistency. Calcareous Brown Floodplain soils develop more friable consistency. [Md Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:মৃত্তিকা সংবদ্ধতা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Soil_Consistency&diff=15647Soil Consistency2026-08-26T06:11:15Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Soil Consistency''' the feel of the [[Soil|soil]], reflecting relative resistance to pressure: eg friable, firm, hard, loose, plastic. The term soil consistency is used to describe the resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations. It is commonly measured by feeling and manipulating the soil by hand or by pulling a tillage instrument through it. The consistency of soils is generally described at three soil moisture levels: wet, moist and dry. Terms used to describe soil consistency at these three moisture levels are shown in the table.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''Wet soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Moist soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Dry soils'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stickiness''' || '''Plasticity'''<br />
|-<br />
| Nonsticky|| Nonplastic || Loose || Loose<br />
|-<br />
| Slightly sticky || Slightly plastic || Very friable || Soft<br />
|-<br />
| Sticky || Plastic || Friable || Slightly hard<br />
|-<br />
| Very sticky || Very plastic || Firm Hard || Very firm<br />
|- <br />
| || || Very hard || Extremely firm || Extremely hard<br />
|- <br />
| || || Extremely hard<br />
|}<br />
Terms such as weakly cemented, strongly cemented, and indurated are used to define categories of cementation. Consistency has importance for the practical use of soils such as soil tillage and compaction by farm machinery.<br />
<br />
[[Acid Basin Clay|acid basin clay]]s are featured by heavy soil consistency (making the soils difficult to plough both when wet and when dry). Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soils and Noncalcareous Dark Grey Floodplain soils show firmer consistency. Calcareous Brown Floodplain soils develop more friable consistency. [Md Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:মৃত্তিকা সংবদ্ধতা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Soil_Consistency&diff=15646Soil Consistency2026-08-26T06:08:46Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Soil Consistency''' the feel of the [[Soil|soil]], reflecting relative resistance to pressure: eg friable, firm, hard, loose, plastic. The term soil consistency is used to describe the resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations. It is commonly measured by feeling and manipulating the soil by hand or by pulling a tillage instrument through it. The consistency of soils is generally described at three soil moisture levels: wet, moist and dry. Terms used to describe soil consistency at these three moisture levels are shown in the table.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''Wet soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Moist soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Dry soils'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stickiness''' || '''Plasticity'''<br />
|-<br />
| Nonsticky|| Nonplastic || Loose || Loose<br />
|-<br />
| Slightly sticky || Slightly plastic || Very friable || Soft<br />
|-<br />
| Sticky || Plastic || Friable || Slightly hard<br />
|-<br />
| Very sticky || Very plastic || Firm Hard || Very firm<br />
|- <br />
| || || Very hard || Extremely firm || Extremely hard<br />
|}<br />
Terms such as weakly cemented, strongly cemented, and indurated are used to define categories of cementation. Consistency has importance for the practical use of soils such as soil tillage and compaction by farm machinery.<br />
<br />
[[Acid Basin Clay|acid basin clay]]s are featured by heavy soil consistency (making the soils difficult to plough both when wet and when dry). Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soils and Noncalcareous Dark Grey Floodplain soils show firmer consistency. Calcareous Brown Floodplain soils develop more friable consistency. [Md Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:মৃত্তিকা সংবদ্ধতা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Soil_Consistency&diff=15645Soil Consistency2026-08-26T06:05:38Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Soil Consistency''' the feel of the [[Soil|soil]], reflecting relative resistance to pressure: eg friable, firm, hard, loose, plastic. The term soil consistency is used to describe the resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations. It is commonly measured by feeling and manipulating the soil by hand or by pulling a tillage instrument through it. The consistency of soils is generally described at three soil moisture levels: wet, moist and dry. Terms used to describe soil consistency at these three moisture levels are shown in the table.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''Wet soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Moist soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Dry soils'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stickiness''' || '''Plasticity'''<br />
|-<br />
| Nonsticky|| Nonplastic || Loose || Loose<br />
|-<br />
| Slightly sticky || Slightly plastic || Very friable<br />
|-<br />
| Soft || Sticky || Plastic<br />
|- <br />
| Friable || Slightly hard || Very sticky<br />
|-<br />
| || || Very plastic || Firm Hard || Very firm<br />
|- <br />
| || || Very hard || Extremely firm || Extremely hard<br />
|}<br />
Terms such as weakly cemented, strongly cemented, and indurated are used to define categories of cementation. Consistency has importance for the practical use of soils such as soil tillage and compaction by farm machinery.<br />
<br />
[[Acid Basin Clay|acid basin clay]]s are featured by heavy soil consistency (making the soils difficult to plough both when wet and when dry). Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soils and Noncalcareous Dark Grey Floodplain soils show firmer consistency. Calcareous Brown Floodplain soils develop more friable consistency. [Md Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:মৃত্তিকা সংবদ্ধতা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Soil_Consistency&diff=15644Soil Consistency2026-08-26T06:05:14Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Soil Consistency''' the feel of the [[Soil|soil]], reflecting relative resistance to pressure: eg friable, firm, hard, loose, plastic. The term soil consistency is used to describe the resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations. It is commonly measured by feeling and manipulating the soil by hand or by pulling a tillage instrument through it. The consistency of soils is generally described at three soil moisture levels: wet, moist and dry. Terms used to describe soil consistency at these three moisture levels are shown in the table.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" | '''Wet soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Moist soils''' || rowspan="2" | '''Dry soils'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stickiness''' || '''Plasticity'''<br />
|-<br />
| Nonsticky|| Nonplastic || Loose || Loose<br />
|-<br />
| Slightly sticky || Slightly plastic || Very friable<br />
|-<br />
| Soft || Sticky || Plastic<br />
|- <br />
| Friable || Slightly hard || Very sticky<br />
|-<br />
| Very plastic || Firm Hard || Very firm<br />
|- <br />
| Very hard || Extremely firm || Extremely hard<br />
|}<br />
Terms such as weakly cemented, strongly cemented, and indurated are used to define categories of cementation. Consistency has importance for the practical use of soils such as soil tillage and compaction by farm machinery.<br />
<br />
[[Acid Basin Clay|acid basin clay]]s are featured by heavy soil consistency (making the soils difficult to plough both when wet and when dry). Noncalcareous Grey Floodplain soils and Noncalcareous Dark Grey Floodplain soils show firmer consistency. Calcareous Brown Floodplain soils develop more friable consistency. [Md Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:মৃত্তিকা সংবদ্ধতা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mymensingh_District&diff=15643Mymensingh District2026-08-20T05:06:47Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mymensingh District''' (Mymensingh Division) area 4080.18 sq km, located in between 24°15' and 25°12' north latitudes and in between 90°04' and 90°49' east longitudes. It is bounded by Garo Hills and Meghalaya state of India on the north, [[Gazipur District|gazipur]] district on the south, [[Netrokona District|netrokona]] and [[Kishoreganj District|kishoreganj]] districts on the east, [[Sherpur District|sherpur]], [[Jamalpur District|jamalpur]] and [[Tangail District|tangail]] districts on the west.<br />
<br />
''Population'' Total 4812052; male 2391382, female 2420670; Muslim 4610504, Hindu 170330, Buddhist 108, Christian 27943 and others 3167. Indigenous communities such as [[Garo, The|garo]], Koch, Dalu, Barman and [[Hajongs|hajong]] belong to this district.<br />
<br />
''Water bodies'' Main rivers: [[Old Brahmaputra River|old brahmaputra]], Bhogai, Bajua, [[Kangsa River|kangsa]].<br />
<br />
''Administration'' Mymensingh district was formed in 1787. The previous name of the Mymenshing Town was Nasirabad. Of the 17 districts of Dhaka Division, Mymenshingh District is the biggest.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="10" | District<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | Area (sq km) || rowspan="2" | Upazila || rowspan="2" | Municipality || rowspan="2" | Union || rowspan="2" | Mouza || rowspan="2" | Village || colspan="2" | Population || rowspan="2" | Density (per sq km) || rowspan="2" | Literacy rate (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Urban || Rural<br />
|-<br />
| 4080.18 || 12 || 10 || 136 || 1973 || 2501 || 798127 || 4013925 || 1029 || 43.5<br />
|} <br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" | Others Information of District<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
Name<br />
of Upazila<br />
<br />
| <br />
Area<br><br />
(sq km)<br />
<br />
| <br />
Municipality<br />
<br />
| <br />
Union<br />
<br />
| <br />
Mouza<br />
<br />
| <br />
Village<br />
<br />
| <br />
Population<br />
<br />
| <br />
Density<br><br />
(per sq km)<br />
<br />
| <br />
Literacy rate<br><br />
(%)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Ishwarganj || 280.43 || 1 || 11 || 284 || 294 || 376348 || 1342 || 41.0<br />
|-<br />
| Gaffargaon || 398.30 || 1 || 15 || 199 || 214 || 430746 || 1081 || 49.3<br />
|-<br />
| Gauripur || 276.74 || 1 || 10 || 240 || 289 || 323057 || 1167 || 43.6<br />
|-<br />
| Trishal || 338.45 || 1 || 12 || 89 || 158 || 419308 || 1239 || 40.0<br />
|-<br />
| Dhobaura || 252.23 || - || 7 || 99 || 164 || 196284 || 778 || 29.4<br />
|-<br />
| Nandail || 326.37 || 1 || 12 || 162 || 265 || 402727 || 1234 || 40.4<br />
|-<br />
| Phulpur || 311.88 || 1 || 10 || 194 || 220 || 303546 || 973 || 38.2<br />
|-<br />
| Fulbaria || 398.70 || 1 || 13 || 104 || 116 || 448467 || 1125 || 42.3<br />
|-<br />
| Bhaluka || 444.05 || 1 || 11 || 87 || 110 || 430320 || 969 || 49.1<br />
|-<br />
| Mymensingh Sadar || 380.72 || 1 || 13 || 118 || 175 || 775733 || 2037 || 51.7<br />
|-<br />
| Muktagachha || 314.70 || 1 || 10 || 252 || 282 || 415473 || 1320 || 43.5<br />
|-<br />
| Haluaghat || 357.61 || - || 12 || 145 || 214 || 290043 || 811 || 38.9<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Source'' Bangladesh Population Census 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MymensinghDistrict.jpg|thumb|400px|right]]<br />
<br />
''Historical events'' various areas of the Mymensingh district are known for active involvement of the local people in anti-British movement, the Pagalpanthi movement, the fakir Revolt, Tonk movement, Tebhaga movement, peasants’ movement, the language movement and the mass movement of 1969.<br />
<br />
''War of Liberation'' The crackdown by the Pak army at Dhaka took place at the night of 25 March 1971 but Pakistani soldiers entered Mymensingh city after 23 April. Meanwhile Mymensingh pepole took preparations for resistance and established a training camp for the freedom fighters at Kandania-Langal Shimul Bazar of Bhabanipur union under Fulbaria upazila. On 27 March an encounter was held between the Bangali and non-Bangali members of the Khagdahar EPR Camp of Mymensingh Sadar upazila. On 17 April Machine Gun firing from two Pak fighter planes on Gaffargaon upazila caused death of 17 innocent persons while more than one hundred persons were wounded. On 21 April the Pak army brutally killed 18 villagers of Rajgati, Shuvakhila and Kaliganj of Nandail upazila and also set a few hundred houses of these areas on fire. The Pak army took control over Mymensingh Town after 23 April. The same day, the freedom fighters resisted the Pak army at Jalchhatra on their way to Muktagachha. During the [[War of Liberation, The|war of liberation]] the freedom fighters, under Commander Refazuddin, launched attacks on the Pak army at Bat Tali, Bhiti Bari and Muktagachha Police Station. A battle was fought between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at Katakhali Bazar of Trishal upazila on 7 June in which about 50 Pak soldiers were killed. On 19 July 1971 a day long encounter was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at village Jigatala of Dhobaura upazila in which 11 persons including two freedom fighters were killed. A direct encounter was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army on 6 August 1971 at the Bandarkata Camp of Haluaghat upazila in which freedom fighters Abdul Aziz and Parimal were killed. In the month of August an encounter was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at Porabari Bazar in Mathbari union under Trishal upazila in which two freedom fighters were killed. Freedom fighter Abdur Rahman was killed in an encounter with the Pak army at Bhangnamari Char of this upazila. On the mid night of 3 October 1971, the Pakistan army suddenly attacked the Muktibahini camp at Guatala Bazar of Dhobaura upazila and killed four freedom fighters. Next day the Pakistan army conducted mass killing at Guatala Bazar and Taraikandi Ferry Ghat in which about 120 persons were killed. On 16 October, 6 freedom fighters were killed in an encounter with the Pak army in Ishwarganj upazila. On 3 November the freedom fighters of Haluaghat launched simultaneous attacks on the strong Pak army base at Telikhali from three sides, Karaitala, Baghaitala and Ramchandrakura; in this battle 121 Pak soldiers were killed and so were 26 freedom fighters. On 17 November an encounter between the Pak army and the freedom fighters were held in Nandail upazila in which a number of people including freedom fighters Elias Uddin Bhuiya and Shamsul Haque were killed. This day is being observed as the ‘Nandail Shaheed Day’ every year. During the War of Liberation Afsar Uddin Ahmed, Sub Sector Commander of Sector 11, locally trained freedom fighters, collected arms and ammunitions and challenged the Pak army. A fierce battle was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at Lakshipur under Fulbaria upazila in which about 70 persons on both sides were killed. In 1971 the people of village Digharkanda resisted the Pak army with indigenous weapons such as Sarki, Ballam, Da and Lathi, when the Pak army raided the village at night; in this encounter a Pak Major was killed. In retaliation, the Pak army launched an attack on the village on the day following in which a number of villagers were killed. The Pak army abducted 9 persons including Satyendranath Datta, Head Master of Payari High School of Phulpur upazila and took them to Sarchapur mass killing site. However, Satyendranath Datta could escape immediately before firing by diving into water. Besides, a frontal battle was fought between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at village Ramsona under Sandhara union of this upazila in which 33 freedom fighters were killed. Eleven freedom fighters were killed in an encounter with the Pak army at Rayer Gram of Trishal upazila. Besides, during the War of Liberation the Pak army established military camps in different places of the district and conducted mass killing, torture and plundering; they also set many houses of the district on fire. There are 7 mass killing sites at Dakbungalowr Char of Mymensingh Sadar, Chawkbazar, Jelkhanar Char, river bank of Shambhuganj, Boror Char, Bangladesh Agricultural University compound and Rasulpur of Muktagachha.<br />
<br />
''Literacy rate and educational institutions'' Average literacy 43.5%; male 44.9%, female 42.2%. Educational institutions: university 2, medical college 3, college 63, cadet college 1, teachers training college 4, vocational training institute 2, polytechnic institute 1, secondary school 506, primary school 2043, art school 1, community school 6, satellite school 24, NGO operated school 1065, nursery school 59, deaf and dump school 1, music school 3, madrasa 1212. Noted educational institutions: [[Bangladesh Agricultural University|bangladesh agricultural university]] (1960), Ananda Mohan Government College (1908), Mymensingh Medical College (1968), Mymensingh Girls' Cadet College (1964), Muminunnesa Government Girls' College (1959), Mukul Niketan High School (1959), Vidyamoyee Government Girls' High School (1873), Phulpur Pilot High School (1882), Ramgopalpur PJK High School (1890), Muktagachha Ram Kishore High School (1894), Kandipara Askar Ali High School (1906), Mahakali Girls' School and College (1907), Birai Taltala Girls' High School (1902), Edward Institution (1903), Radha Sundari Girls' High School (1927), Bangladesh Railway Government High School (1925), Saint Mary's Girls' Junior High School (1929), Mymensingh Zila School (1853), City Collegiate School (1883), Mrityunjoy School (1901), Nasirabad Collegiate School (1911), Nazrul Academy (1913), Katlasen Kaderia Kamil Madrasa (1890), Chargoadanga Senior Fazil Madrasa (1915), Pachbag Islamia Fazil Madrasa (1921), Sherpur Islamia Fazil Madrasa (1927).<br />
<br />
''Main sources of income'' Agriculture 64.14%, non-agricultural labourer 3.65%, industry 0.82%, commerce 11.40%, transport and communication 3.53%, service 6.21%, construction 1.33%, religious service 0.21%, rent and remittance 0.46% and others 8.25%.<br />
<br />
''Newspapers and periodicals'' Daily: Jahan, Banglar Jamin, Insaf, Ajker Smriti, Shipa, Swadesh Sangbad; weekly: Mymensingh Barta, Ajker Muktagachha; defunct: Kumar, Bigyapani (1866), Bangalee (1874), Surid (1875), Pramadi (1875), Bharat Mihir (1875), Sanjibani (1878), Basana (1899), Abriti (1901), Swadesh Sampad (1905), Shikkha Saurav (1912), Hafez Shakti (1924), Ganavijan (1938), weeekly Charumihir (1939), Uttar Akash (1959), Aunirban (1963), Jagrata Bangla (1971).<br />
<br />
''Folk culture'' Notable folk culture of the district include [[Maimansingha Gitika|maimansingha gitika]], rhymes, Boul song, Palageet, proverbs of the Garo community, sloka (hiluk) of the Hajong community, riddle (thachi-katha),<br />
<br />
''Important installations'' Museum, Mymensingh Town Hall, [[Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture|bangladesh institute of nuclear agriculture]] and [[Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute|bangladesh fisheries research institute]] ([[Mymensingh Sadar Upazila|mymensingh sadar]] Upazila). [Samar Pal]<br />
<br />
''See also'' The upazilas under this district.<br />
<br />
'''References''' Bangladesh Population Census 2001 and 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics; Cultural survey report of Mymensingh District 2007; Cultural survey report of upazilas of Mymensingh District 2007.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Districts of Bangladesh]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Local Government]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:ময়মনসিংহ জেলা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mymensingh_District&diff=15642Mymensingh District2026-08-20T05:05:08Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mymensingh District''' (Mymensingh Division) area 4080.18 sq km, located in between 24°15' and 25°12' north latitudes and in between 90°04' and 90°49' east longitudes. It is bounded by Garo Hills and Meghalaya state of India on the north, [[Gazipur District|gazipur]] district on the south, [[Netrokona District|netrokona]] and [[Kishoreganj District|kishoreganj]] districts on the east, [[Sherpur District|sherpur]], [[Jamalpur District|jamalpur]] and [[Tangail District|tangail]] districts on the west.<br />
<br />
''Population'' Total 4812052; male 2391382, female 2420670; Muslim 4610504, Hindu 170330, Buddhist 108, Christian 27943 and others 3167. Indigenous communities such as [[Garo, The|garo]], Koch, Dalu, Barman and [[Hajongs|hajong]] belong to this district.<br />
<br />
''Water bodies'' Main rivers: [[Old Brahmaputra River|old brahmaputra]], Bhogai, Bajua, [[Kangsa River|kangsa]].<br />
<br />
''Administration'' Mymensingh district was formed in 1787. The previous name of the Mymenshing Town was Nasirabad. Of the 17 districts of Dhaka Division, Mymenshingh District is the biggest.<br />
<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="10" | District<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | Area (sq km) || rowspan="2" | Upazila || rowspan="2" | Municipality || rowspan="2" | Union || rowspan="2" | Mouza || rowspan="2" | Village || colspan="2" | Population || rowspan="2" | Density (per sq km) || rowspan="2" | Literacy rate (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Urban || Rural<br />
|-<br />
| 4080.18 || 12 || 10 || 136 || 1973 || 2501 || 798127 || 4013925 || 1029 || 43.5<br />
|} <br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" | Upazila<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
Name<br />
of Upazila<br />
<br />
| <br />
Area<br><br />
(sq km)<br />
<br />
| <br />
Municipality<br />
<br />
| <br />
Union<br />
<br />
| <br />
Mouza<br />
<br />
| <br />
Village<br />
<br />
| <br />
Population<br />
<br />
| <br />
Density<br><br />
(per sq km)<br />
<br />
| <br />
Literacy rate<br><br />
(%)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Ishwarganj || 280.43 || 1 || 11 || 284 || 294 || 376348 || 1342 || 41.0<br />
|-<br />
| Gaffargaon || 398.30 || 1 || 15 || 199 || 214 || 430746 || 1081 || 49.3<br />
|-<br />
| Gauripur || 276.74 || 1 || 10 || 240 || 289 || 323057 || 1167 || 43.6<br />
|-<br />
| Trishal || 338.45 || 1 || 12 || 89 || 158 || 419308 || 1239 || 40.0<br />
|-<br />
| Dhobaura || 252.23 || - || 7 || 99 || 164 || 196284 || 778 || 29.4<br />
|-<br />
| Nandail || 326.37 || 1 || 12 || 162 || 265 || 402727 || 1234 || 40.4<br />
|-<br />
| Phulpur || 311.88 || 1 || 10 || 194 || 220 || 303546 || 973 || 38.2<br />
|-<br />
| Fulbaria || 398.70 || 1 || 13 || 104 || 116 || 448467 || 1125 || 42.3<br />
|-<br />
| Bhaluka || 444.05 || 1 || 11 || 87 || 110 || 430320 || 969 || 49.1<br />
|-<br />
| Mymensingh Sadar || 380.72 || 1 || 13 || 118 || 175 || 775733 || 2037 || 51.7<br />
|-<br />
| Muktagachha || 314.70 || 1 || 10 || 252 || 282 || 415473 || 1320 || 43.5<br />
|-<br />
| Haluaghat || 357.61 || - || 12 || 145 || 214 || 290043 || 811 || 38.9<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Source'' Bangladesh Population Census 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MymensinghDistrict.jpg|thumb|400px|right]]<br />
<br />
''Historical events'' various areas of the Mymensingh district are known for active involvement of the local people in anti-British movement, the Pagalpanthi movement, the fakir Revolt, Tonk movement, Tebhaga movement, peasants’ movement, the language movement and the mass movement of 1969.<br />
<br />
''War of Liberation'' The crackdown by the Pak army at Dhaka took place at the night of 25 March 1971 but Pakistani soldiers entered Mymensingh city after 23 April. Meanwhile Mymensingh pepole took preparations for resistance and established a training camp for the freedom fighters at Kandania-Langal Shimul Bazar of Bhabanipur union under Fulbaria upazila. On 27 March an encounter was held between the Bangali and non-Bangali members of the Khagdahar EPR Camp of Mymensingh Sadar upazila. On 17 April Machine Gun firing from two Pak fighter planes on Gaffargaon upazila caused death of 17 innocent persons while more than one hundred persons were wounded. On 21 April the Pak army brutally killed 18 villagers of Rajgati, Shuvakhila and Kaliganj of Nandail upazila and also set a few hundred houses of these areas on fire. The Pak army took control over Mymensingh Town after 23 April. The same day, the freedom fighters resisted the Pak army at Jalchhatra on their way to Muktagachha. During the [[War of Liberation, The|war of liberation]] the freedom fighters, under Commander Refazuddin, launched attacks on the Pak army at Bat Tali, Bhiti Bari and Muktagachha Police Station. A battle was fought between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at Katakhali Bazar of Trishal upazila on 7 June in which about 50 Pak soldiers were killed. On 19 July 1971 a day long encounter was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at village Jigatala of Dhobaura upazila in which 11 persons including two freedom fighters were killed. A direct encounter was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army on 6 August 1971 at the Bandarkata Camp of Haluaghat upazila in which freedom fighters Abdul Aziz and Parimal were killed. In the month of August an encounter was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at Porabari Bazar in Mathbari union under Trishal upazila in which two freedom fighters were killed. Freedom fighter Abdur Rahman was killed in an encounter with the Pak army at Bhangnamari Char of this upazila. On the mid night of 3 October 1971, the Pakistan army suddenly attacked the Muktibahini camp at Guatala Bazar of Dhobaura upazila and killed four freedom fighters. Next day the Pakistan army conducted mass killing at Guatala Bazar and Taraikandi Ferry Ghat in which about 120 persons were killed. On 16 October, 6 freedom fighters were killed in an encounter with the Pak army in Ishwarganj upazila. On 3 November the freedom fighters of Haluaghat launched simultaneous attacks on the strong Pak army base at Telikhali from three sides, Karaitala, Baghaitala and Ramchandrakura; in this battle 121 Pak soldiers were killed and so were 26 freedom fighters. On 17 November an encounter between the Pak army and the freedom fighters were held in Nandail upazila in which a number of people including freedom fighters Elias Uddin Bhuiya and Shamsul Haque were killed. This day is being observed as the ‘Nandail Shaheed Day’ every year. During the War of Liberation Afsar Uddin Ahmed, Sub Sector Commander of Sector 11, locally trained freedom fighters, collected arms and ammunitions and challenged the Pak army. A fierce battle was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at Lakshipur under Fulbaria upazila in which about 70 persons on both sides were killed. In 1971 the people of village Digharkanda resisted the Pak army with indigenous weapons such as Sarki, Ballam, Da and Lathi, when the Pak army raided the village at night; in this encounter a Pak Major was killed. In retaliation, the Pak army launched an attack on the village on the day following in which a number of villagers were killed. The Pak army abducted 9 persons including Satyendranath Datta, Head Master of Payari High School of Phulpur upazila and took them to Sarchapur mass killing site. However, Satyendranath Datta could escape immediately before firing by diving into water. Besides, a frontal battle was fought between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at village Ramsona under Sandhara union of this upazila in which 33 freedom fighters were killed. Eleven freedom fighters were killed in an encounter with the Pak army at Rayer Gram of Trishal upazila. Besides, during the War of Liberation the Pak army established military camps in different places of the district and conducted mass killing, torture and plundering; they also set many houses of the district on fire. There are 7 mass killing sites at Dakbungalowr Char of Mymensingh Sadar, Chawkbazar, Jelkhanar Char, river bank of Shambhuganj, Boror Char, Bangladesh Agricultural University compound and Rasulpur of Muktagachha.<br />
<br />
''Literacy rate and educational institutions'' Average literacy 43.5%; male 44.9%, female 42.2%. Educational institutions: university 2, medical college 3, college 63, cadet college 1, teachers training college 4, vocational training institute 2, polytechnic institute 1, secondary school 506, primary school 2043, art school 1, community school 6, satellite school 24, NGO operated school 1065, nursery school 59, deaf and dump school 1, music school 3, madrasa 1212. Noted educational institutions: [[Bangladesh Agricultural University|bangladesh agricultural university]] (1960), Ananda Mohan Government College (1908), Mymensingh Medical College (1968), Mymensingh Girls' Cadet College (1964), Muminunnesa Government Girls' College (1959), Mukul Niketan High School (1959), Vidyamoyee Government Girls' High School (1873), Phulpur Pilot High School (1882), Ramgopalpur PJK High School (1890), Muktagachha Ram Kishore High School (1894), Kandipara Askar Ali High School (1906), Mahakali Girls' School and College (1907), Birai Taltala Girls' High School (1902), Edward Institution (1903), Radha Sundari Girls' High School (1927), Bangladesh Railway Government High School (1925), Saint Mary's Girls' Junior High School (1929), Mymensingh Zila School (1853), City Collegiate School (1883), Mrityunjoy School (1901), Nasirabad Collegiate School (1911), Nazrul Academy (1913), Katlasen Kaderia Kamil Madrasa (1890), Chargoadanga Senior Fazil Madrasa (1915), Pachbag Islamia Fazil Madrasa (1921), Sherpur Islamia Fazil Madrasa (1927).<br />
<br />
''Main sources of income'' Agriculture 64.14%, non-agricultural labourer 3.65%, industry 0.82%, commerce 11.40%, transport and communication 3.53%, service 6.21%, construction 1.33%, religious service 0.21%, rent and remittance 0.46% and others 8.25%.<br />
<br />
''Newspapers and periodicals'' Daily: Jahan, Banglar Jamin, Insaf, Ajker Smriti, Shipa, Swadesh Sangbad; weekly: Mymensingh Barta, Ajker Muktagachha; defunct: Kumar, Bigyapani (1866), Bangalee (1874), Surid (1875), Pramadi (1875), Bharat Mihir (1875), Sanjibani (1878), Basana (1899), Abriti (1901), Swadesh Sampad (1905), Shikkha Saurav (1912), Hafez Shakti (1924), Ganavijan (1938), weeekly Charumihir (1939), Uttar Akash (1959), Aunirban (1963), Jagrata Bangla (1971).<br />
<br />
''Folk culture'' Notable folk culture of the district include [[Maimansingha Gitika|maimansingha gitika]], rhymes, Boul song, Palageet, proverbs of the Garo community, sloka (hiluk) of the Hajong community, riddle (thachi-katha),<br />
<br />
''Important installations'' Museum, Mymensingh Town Hall, [[Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture|bangladesh institute of nuclear agriculture]] and [[Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute|bangladesh fisheries research institute]] ([[Mymensingh Sadar Upazila|mymensingh sadar]] Upazila). [Samar Pal]<br />
<br />
''See also'' The upazilas under this district.<br />
<br />
'''References''' Bangladesh Population Census 2001 and 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics; Cultural survey report of Mymensingh District 2007; Cultural survey report of upazilas of Mymensingh District 2007.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Districts of Bangladesh]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Local Government]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:ময়মনসিংহ জেলা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Editors&diff=15641Editors2026-08-18T08:58:16Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="alert alert-info"><h4>'''Second Edition (2011)'''</h4></div><br />
<h5>'''Board of Editors'''</h5><br />
<br />
'''Professor Sirajul Islam'''<br /><br />
Chief Editor<br />
<br />
'''Professor Sajahan Miah'''<br /><br />
Managing Editor<br />
<br />
<br />
<h5>'''Members'''</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Wakil || former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Alam, Dr Jahangir || former Director General, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar || Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor MKI Quayyum<br />
| Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM Hospital<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice (retd) Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Bangladesh Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Mofakharul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| former Chairman, University Grants Commission<br />
|-<br />
| Jamal, Professor Ahmed Abdullah<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kamal, Professor Ahmed<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khanam, Professor Mahfuza<br />
| Vice President, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Director, Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of International Business, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Safiq uz Zaman, Professor<br />
| Department of Economics, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice Chancellor, North South University<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>'''First Edition (2023)'''</h4></div><br />
<h5>'''Board of Editors'''</h5><br />
<br />
<h4>'''Chairman'''</h4><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Professor Sirajul Islam<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|}<br />
<h4>'''Convenor'''</h4><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Professor Sajahan Miah<br />
| Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
|} <br />
<br />
<h5>'''Members'''</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahamed, Professor Emajuddin<br />
| Department of Political Science, former Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Nazimuddin<br />
| former Director, Directorate of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Noazesh<br />
| Agricultural Scientist and Freelance Photographer<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Zia Uddin<br />
| Department of Biochemistry, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Momtaz Uddin<br />
| Member, Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sharifuddin<br />
| Director, National Archives of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sufia<br />
| National Professor<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Syed Giasuddin<br />
| Department of Public Administration, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Waki<br />
| Department of Bangla, former Pro Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Akhtar, Professor Shirin<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Dr. AMM Shawkat<br />
| former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor M Shamsher<br />
| Vice Chancellor, South East University, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor Meer Mobashsher<br />
| Department of Architecture and Planning, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Syed Ashraf<br />
| Director General, Islamic Foundation, Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Begum, Professor Hamida Akhtar<br />
| Department of Clinical Psychology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Bhowmik, Professor Dulal<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Biswas, Professor Narayan Chandra<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar<br />
| Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| Department of Economics, former Vice-Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Bazlul Mobin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Independent University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Sifatul Quader<br />
| Department of Geology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Farashuddin, Dr. Mohammed<br />
| former Governor, Bangladesh Bank<br />
|-<br />
| Haider, Professor SZ<br />
| Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Professor Khondoker Bazlul<br />
| Department of Management Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hossain, Professor AHM Mujtaba<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Husain, Professor ABM<br />
| Professor Emeritus, Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Imam, Professor Abu<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Dr. Shahidul<br />
| Director General, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Aminul<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Daffodil University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Sirajul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Islamic University, Kushtia<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Karim, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Khaleque, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Dr. Akbar Ali<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Professor ANM Abdul Mannan<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khatun, Professor Sharifa<br />
| Institute of Education and Research, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Mahmud, Professor Iqbal<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Mannan, Professor. Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Mohsin, Professor KM<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Moniruzzaman, Professor Mohammad<br />
| Department of Bangla, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Muslehuddin, Professor ATM<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Habibur<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Department of History, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor Muhammad Mansurur<br />
| Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of Finance and Banking, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor M Harunur<br />
| Department of English, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Rouf, Justice Mohammad Abdur<br />
| former Chief Election Commissioner<br />
|-<br />
| Saadullah, Professor Md.<br />
| former Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqui, Dr. Kamal<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>'''Corresponding Editors'''</h4></div><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Azad, Shibly<br />
| Columbia University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Ranabir<br />
| Calcutta University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Satyanarayan<br />
| Rabindra Bharati University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Deyell, Dr. John<br />
| CIDA, Ottawa, Canada<br />
|-<br />
| Marshall, Professor Peter<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| McGuire, Professor John<br />
| Western University, Australia<br />
|-<br />
| Nakazato, Professor Nariaki<br />
| Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Powell, Dr. Avril Ann<br />
| School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| Rahim, Professor Enayetur<br />
| Georgetown University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor Salim<br />
| University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaigne, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Sarkar, Professor Pabitra<br />
| Viswabharati University, Santiniketan, India<br />
|-<br />
| Schendel, Professor Willem Van<br />
| South Asian Institute, University of Amsterdam, Holland<br />
|-<br />
| Solhoy, Professor Torstein<br />
| University of Bergen, Norway<br />
|-<br />
| Taniguchi, Professor Shinkichi<br />
| Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Wilson, Dr. Jon E<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[bn:সম্পাদকবৃন্দ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Editors&diff=15640Editors2026-08-18T08:57:29Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="alert alert-info"><h4>'''Second Edition (2011)'''</h4></div><br />
<h5>'''Board of Editors'''</h5><br />
<br />
'''Professor Sirajul Islam'''<br /><br />
Chief Editor<br />
<br />
'''Professor Sajahan Miah'''<br /><br />
Managing Editor<br />
<br />
<br />
<h5>'''Members'''</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Wakil || former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Alam, Dr Jahangir || former Director General, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar || Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor MKI Quayyum<br />
| Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM Hospital<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice (retd) Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Bangladesh Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Mofakharul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| former Chairman, University Grants Commission<br />
|-<br />
| Jamal, Professor Ahmed Abdullah<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kamal, Professor Ahmed<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khanam, Professor Mahfuza<br />
| Vice President, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Director, Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of International Business, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Safiq uz Zaman, Professor<br />
| Department of Economics, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice Chancellor, North South University<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>'''First Edition (2023)'''</h4></div><br />
<h5>'''Board of Editors'''</h5><br />
<br />
<h4>'''Chairman'''</h4><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Professor Sirajul Islam<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|}<br />
<h4>'''Convenor'''</h4><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Professor Sajahan Miah<br />
| Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
|} <br />
<br />
<h5>'''Members'''</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahamed, Professor Emajuddin<br />
| Department of Political Science, former Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Nazimuddin<br />
| former Director, Directorate of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Noazesh<br />
| Agricultural Scientist and Freelance Photographer<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Zia Uddin<br />
| Department of Biochemistry, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Momtaz Uddin<br />
| Member, Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sharifuddin<br />
| Director, National Archives of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sufia<br />
| National Professor<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Syed Giasuddin<br />
| Department of Public Administration, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Waki<br />
| Department of Bangla, former Pro Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Akhtar, Professor Shirin<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Dr. AMM Shawkat<br />
| former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor M Shamsher<br />
| Vice Chancellor, South East University, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor Meer Mobashsher<br />
| Department of Architecture and Planning, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Syed Ashraf<br />
| Director General, Islamic Foundation, Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Begum, Professor Hamida Akhtar<br />
| Department of Clinical Psychology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Bhowmik, Professor Dulal<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Biswas, Professor Narayan Chandra<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar<br />
| Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| Department of Economics, former Vice-Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Bazlul Mobin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Independent University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Sifatul Quader<br />
| Department of Geology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Farashuddin, Dr. Mohammed<br />
| former Governor, Bangladesh Bank<br />
|-<br />
| Haider, Professor SZ<br />
| Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Professor Khondoker Bazlul<br />
| Department of Management Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hossain, Professor AHM Mujtaba<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Husain, Professor ABM<br />
| Professor Emeritus, Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Imam, Professor Abu<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Dr. Shahidul<br />
| Director General, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Aminul<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Daffodil University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Sirajul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Islamic University, Kushtia<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Karim, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Khaleque, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Dr. Akbar Ali<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Professor ANM Abdul Mannan<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khatun, Professor Sharifa<br />
| Institute of Education and Research, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Mahmud, Professor Iqbal<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Mannan, Professor. Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Mohsin, Professor KM<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Moniruzzaman, Professor Mohammad<br />
| Department of Bangla, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Muslehuddin, Professor ATM<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Habibur<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Department of History, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor Muhammad Mansurur<br />
| Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of Finance and Banking, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor M Harunur<br />
| Department of English, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Rouf, Justice Mohammad Abdur<br />
| former Chief Election Commissioner<br />
|-<br />
| Saadullah, Professor Md.<br />
| former Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqui, Dr. Kamal<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>Corresponding Editors</h4></div><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Azad, Shibly<br />
| Columbia University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Ranabir<br />
| Calcutta University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Satyanarayan<br />
| Rabindra Bharati University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Deyell, Dr. John<br />
| CIDA, Ottawa, Canada<br />
|-<br />
| Marshall, Professor Peter<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| McGuire, Professor John<br />
| Western University, Australia<br />
|-<br />
| Nakazato, Professor Nariaki<br />
| Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Powell, Dr. Avril Ann<br />
| School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| Rahim, Professor Enayetur<br />
| Georgetown University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor Salim<br />
| University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaigne, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Sarkar, Professor Pabitra<br />
| Viswabharati University, Santiniketan, India<br />
|-<br />
| Schendel, Professor Willem Van<br />
| South Asian Institute, University of Amsterdam, Holland<br />
|-<br />
| Solhoy, Professor Torstein<br />
| University of Bergen, Norway<br />
|-<br />
| Taniguchi, Professor Shinkichi<br />
| Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Wilson, Dr. Jon E<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[bn:সম্পাদকবৃন্দ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Editors&diff=15639Editors2026-08-18T08:56:32Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="alert alert-info"><h4>'''Second Edition (2011)'''</h4></div><br />
<h5>Board of Editors</h5><br />
<br />
'''Professor Sirajul Islam'''<br /><br />
Chief Editor<br />
<br />
'''Professor Sajahan Miah'''<br /><br />
Managing Editor<br />
<br />
<br />
<h5>Members</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Wakil || former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Alam, Dr Jahangir || former Director General, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar || Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor MKI Quayyum<br />
| Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM Hospital<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice (retd) Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Bangladesh Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Mofakharul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| former Chairman, University Grants Commission<br />
|-<br />
| Jamal, Professor Ahmed Abdullah<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kamal, Professor Ahmed<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khanam, Professor Mahfuza<br />
| Vice President, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Director, Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of International Business, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Safiq uz Zaman, Professor<br />
| Department of Economics, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice Chancellor, North South University<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>'''First Edition (2023)'''</h4></div><br />
<h5>Board of Editors</h5><br />
<br />
<h4>'''Chairman'''</h4><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Professor Sirajul Islam<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|}<br />
<h4>'''Convenor'''</h4><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Professor Sajahan Miah<br />
| Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
|} <br />
<br />
<h5>Members</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahamed, Professor Emajuddin<br />
| Department of Political Science, former Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Nazimuddin<br />
| former Director, Directorate of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Noazesh<br />
| Agricultural Scientist and Freelance Photographer<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Zia Uddin<br />
| Department of Biochemistry, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Momtaz Uddin<br />
| Member, Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sharifuddin<br />
| Director, National Archives of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sufia<br />
| National Professor<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Syed Giasuddin<br />
| Department of Public Administration, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Waki<br />
| Department of Bangla, former Pro Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Akhtar, Professor Shirin<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Dr. AMM Shawkat<br />
| former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor M Shamsher<br />
| Vice Chancellor, South East University, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor Meer Mobashsher<br />
| Department of Architecture and Planning, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Syed Ashraf<br />
| Director General, Islamic Foundation, Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Begum, Professor Hamida Akhtar<br />
| Department of Clinical Psychology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Bhowmik, Professor Dulal<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Biswas, Professor Narayan Chandra<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar<br />
| Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| Department of Economics, former Vice-Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Bazlul Mobin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Independent University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Sifatul Quader<br />
| Department of Geology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Farashuddin, Dr. Mohammed<br />
| former Governor, Bangladesh Bank<br />
|-<br />
| Haider, Professor SZ<br />
| Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Professor Khondoker Bazlul<br />
| Department of Management Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hossain, Professor AHM Mujtaba<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Husain, Professor ABM<br />
| Professor Emeritus, Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Imam, Professor Abu<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Dr. Shahidul<br />
| Director General, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Aminul<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Daffodil University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Sirajul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Islamic University, Kushtia<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Karim, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Khaleque, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Dr. Akbar Ali<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Professor ANM Abdul Mannan<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khatun, Professor Sharifa<br />
| Institute of Education and Research, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Mahmud, Professor Iqbal<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Mannan, Professor. Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Mohsin, Professor KM<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Moniruzzaman, Professor Mohammad<br />
| Department of Bangla, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Muslehuddin, Professor ATM<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Habibur<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Department of History, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor Muhammad Mansurur<br />
| Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of Finance and Banking, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor M Harunur<br />
| Department of English, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Rouf, Justice Mohammad Abdur<br />
| former Chief Election Commissioner<br />
|-<br />
| Saadullah, Professor Md.<br />
| former Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqui, Dr. Kamal<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>Corresponding Editors</h4></div><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Azad, Shibly<br />
| Columbia University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Ranabir<br />
| Calcutta University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Satyanarayan<br />
| Rabindra Bharati University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Deyell, Dr. John<br />
| CIDA, Ottawa, Canada<br />
|-<br />
| Marshall, Professor Peter<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| McGuire, Professor John<br />
| Western University, Australia<br />
|-<br />
| Nakazato, Professor Nariaki<br />
| Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Powell, Dr. Avril Ann<br />
| School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| Rahim, Professor Enayetur<br />
| Georgetown University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor Salim<br />
| University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaigne, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Sarkar, Professor Pabitra<br />
| Viswabharati University, Santiniketan, India<br />
|-<br />
| Schendel, Professor Willem Van<br />
| South Asian Institute, University of Amsterdam, Holland<br />
|-<br />
| Solhoy, Professor Torstein<br />
| University of Bergen, Norway<br />
|-<br />
| Taniguchi, Professor Shinkichi<br />
| Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Wilson, Dr. Jon E<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[bn:সম্পাদকবৃন্দ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Editors&diff=15638Editors2026-08-18T08:30:00Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="alert alert-info"><h4>Second Edition (2011)</h4></div><br />
<h5>Board of Editors</h5><br />
<br />
'''Professor Sirajul Islam'''<br /><br />
Chief Editor<br />
<br />
'''Professor Sajahan Miah'''<br /><br />
Managing Editor<br />
<br />
<br />
<h5>Members</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Wakil || former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Alam, Dr Jahangir || former Director General, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar || Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor MKI Quayyum<br />
| Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM Hospital<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice (retd) Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Bangladesh Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Mofakharul<br />
| former Vice Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| former Chairman, University Grants Commission<br />
|-<br />
| Jamal, Professor Ahmed Abdullah<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kamal, Professor Ahmed<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khanam, Professor Mahfuza<br />
| Vice President, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Director, Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of International Business, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Safiq uz Zaman, Professor<br />
| Department of Economics, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice Chancellor, North South University<br />
|}<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>First Edition (2023)</h4></div><br />
<h5>Board of Editors</h5><br />
<br />
'''Professor Sirajul Islam '''<br /><br />
Chief Editor<br />
<br />
'''Professor Sajahan Miah '''<br /><br />
Managing Editor<br />
<br />
<br />
<h5>Members</h5><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Ahamed, Professor Emajuddin<br />
| Department of Political Science, former Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Nazimuddin<br />
| former Director, Directorate of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Dr. Noazesh<br />
| Agricultural Scientist and Freelance Photographer<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Zia Uddin<br />
| Department of Biochemistry, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Momtaz Uddin<br />
| Member, Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sharifuddin<br />
| Director, National Archives of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Sufia<br />
| National Professor<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Syed Giasuddin<br />
| Department of Public Administration, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmed, Professor Waki<br />
| Department of Bangla, former Pro Vice-Chancellor, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Akhtar, Professor Shirin<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Dr. AMM Shawkat<br />
| former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor M Shamsher<br />
| Vice Chancellor, South East University, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Professor Meer Mobashsher<br />
| Department of Architecture and Planning, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Ali, Syed Ashraf<br />
| Director General, Islamic Foundation, Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Begum, Professor Hamida Akhtar<br />
| Department of Clinical Psychology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Bhowmik, Professor Dulal<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Biswas, Professor Narayan Chandra<br />
| Department of Sanskrit and Pali, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chakma, Professor Niru Kumar<br />
| Department of Philosophy, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Abdul Momin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, National University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Amirul Islam<br />
| Department of Economics, former Vice-Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Bazlul Mobin<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Independent University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Jamilur Reza<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, BRAC University<br />
|-<br />
| Chowdhury, Professor Sifatul Quader<br />
| Department of Geology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Farashuddin, Dr. Mohammed<br />
| former Governor, Bangladesh Bank<br />
|-<br />
| Haider, Professor SZ<br />
| Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Harun-or-Rashid, Professor<br />
| Department of Political Science, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Justice Kazi Ebadul<br />
| Supreme Court, Appellate Division<br />
|-<br />
| Hoque, Professor Khondoker Bazlul<br />
| Department of Management Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Hossain, Professor AHM Mujtaba<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Husain, Professor ABM<br />
| Professor Emeritus, Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Imam, Professor Abu<br />
| Department of History, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Dr. Shahidul<br />
| Director General, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Aminul<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, Daffodil University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor M Aminul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Anwarul<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Md. Sirajul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Islamic University, Kushtia<br />
|-<br />
| Islam, Professor Nazrul<br />
| Department of Geography and Environment, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Kabir, Professor SM Humayun<br />
| Department of Zoology, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Karim, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Khaleque, Professor Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Dr. Akbar Ali<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| Khan, Professor ANM Abdul Mannan<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Khatun, Professor Sharifa<br />
| Institute of Education and Research, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Mahmud, Professor Iqbal<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, BUET<br />
|-<br />
| Mannan, Professor. Abdul<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Chittagong University<br />
|-<br />
| Mesbah-us-Saleheen, Professor<br />
| Department of Geography, Jahangirnagar University<br />
|-<br />
| Mohsin, Professor KM<br />
| Department of History, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Moniruzzaman, Professor Mohammad<br />
| Department of Bangla, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Muslehuddin, Professor ATM<br />
| Department of Arabic, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Habibur<br />
| former Vice-Chancellor, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor M Mahbubur<br />
| Department of History, Rajshahi University<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor Muhammad Mansurur<br />
| Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Rahman, Professor SM Mahfuzur<br />
| Department of Finance and Banking, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Raisuddin, Professor ANM<br />
| Department of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor M Harunur<br />
| Department of English, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Rouf, Justice Mohammad Abdur<br />
| former Chief Election Commissioner<br />
|-<br />
| Saadullah, Professor Md.<br />
| former Principal, Government Madrasah-i-Alia, Dhaka<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqi, Professor Hafiz GA<br />
| Vice-Chancellor, North South University<br />
|-<br />
| Siddiqui, Dr. Kamal<br />
| Secretary, Government of Bangladesh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info"><h4>Corresponding Editors</h4></div><br />
{| class="table raw-table"<br />
|-<br />
| Azad, Shibly<br />
| Columbia University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Ranabir<br />
| Calcutta University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Chakraborty, Professor Satyanarayan<br />
| Rabindra Bharati University, India<br />
|-<br />
| Deyell, Dr. John<br />
| CIDA, Ottawa, Canada<br />
|-<br />
| Marshall, Professor Peter<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| McGuire, Professor John<br />
| Western University, Australia<br />
|-<br />
| Nakazato, Professor Nariaki<br />
| Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Powell, Dr. Avril Ann<br />
| School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UK<br />
|-<br />
| Rahim, Professor Enayetur<br />
| Georgetown University, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Rashid, Professor Salim<br />
| University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaigne, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Sarkar, Professor Pabitra<br />
| Viswabharati University, Santiniketan, India<br />
|-<br />
| Schendel, Professor Willem Van<br />
| South Asian Institute, University of Amsterdam, Holland<br />
|-<br />
| Solhoy, Professor Torstein<br />
| University of Bergen, Norway<br />
|-<br />
| Taniguchi, Professor Shinkichi<br />
| Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan<br />
|-<br />
| Wilson, Dr. Jon E<br />
| King’s College, London, UK<br />
|}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[bn:সম্পাদকবৃন্দ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh&diff=15637Bangladesh2026-08-11T06:25:25Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Bangladesh''' emerged as an independent and sovereign country on 16 December 1971 following a nine-month [[War of Liberation, The|war of liberation]]. Dhaka (previously spelt Dacca) is its capital.<br />
<br />
'''''Information Brief'''''<br />
<br />
''Official name'' People's Republic of Bangladesh (Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh).<br />
<br />
''Capital'' Dhaka.<br />
<br />
''Government'' Parliamentary form of government, [[President|president]] is head of the State and [[Prime Minister|prime minister]] is head of government.<br />
<br />
''UNO member'' UNO membership no 136, admitted on 17 September, 1974.<br />
<br />
''Geographical location'' In South Asia, between 20°34' to 26°38' north latitude and 88°01' to 92°41' east longitude. Maximum extension is about 440 km in E-W direction and 760 km in NNW-SSE direction.<br />
<br />
''Time GMT'' +6.00 hours.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Administration.jpg|thumbnail|400px|right]]<br />
''Area and boundaries'' Area: 147,570 sq km. Boundaries: [[West Bengal|west bengal]] (India) on the west; West Bengal, [[Assam|assam]] and Meghalaya (all the Indian states) on the north; Indian states of Assam, [[Tripura|tripura]] and Mizoram together with Myanmar on the east; and [[Bay of Bengal|bay of bengal]] on the south. The total length of the land border is about 4,246 km, of which 93.9% is shared with India and the rest 6% with Myanmar. Limit of territorial water is 12 nautical miles (22.22 km) and the area of the high seas extending to 200 nautical miles (370.40 km) measured from the baselines constitutes the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).<br />
<br />
''Administrative units'' division 8 ([[Dhaka Division|dhaka]], [[Chittagong Division|chittagong]], [[Khulna Division|khulna]], [[Rajshahi Division|rajshahi]], [[Barisal Division|barisal]], [[Sylhet Division|sylhet]], [[Rangpur Division|rangpur]] and Mymensingh); district 64; upazila 495 and thana 652 (2022), union 4,578 (2022), mouza 59,990, village 87,362; city corporation 12 (Dhaka North City Corporation, Dhaka South City Corporation, [[Chittagong City Corporation|chittagong city corporation]], [[Khulna City Corporation|khulna city corporation]], [[Rajshahi City Corporation|rajshahi city corporation]], [[Sylhet City Corporation|sylhet city corporation]], [[Barisal City Corporation|barisal city corporation]], Rangpur City Corporation, Mymensingh City Corporation, [[Narayanganj City Corporation|narayanganj city corporation]], [[Comilla City Corporation|comilla city corporation]], Gazipur City Corporation); municipality 331 (2022).<br />
<br />
''Physiography'' A humid lowlying alluvial region, Bangladesh is composed mainly of the great combined [[Delta|delta]] of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna rivers. It is one of the largest deltas in the world. The monotony of flatness has been relieved inland by two elevated tracts - the [[Madhupur Tract|madhupur]] and the [[Barind Tract|barind tracts]], and on the northeast and southeast by rows of hills. Some 75% of the land is less than 3m above mean sea level (MSL) and vulnerable to floods and cyclones. The maximum elevation is 1,280m above MSL at Saichal Range in [[Rangamati District|rangamati]] district. Tajingdong is the highest peak and called as Bijoy.<br />
<br />
''Rivers'' Total rivers including tributaries and distributaries are about 700 under three mighty river systems: [[Ganges-Padma River System|ganges-padma river system]], [[Brahmaputra-Jamuna River System|brahmaputra-jamuna river system]] and [[Surma-Meghna River System|surma-meghna river system]]. Rivers of the southeastern hilly region are considered as the [[Chittagong Region River System|chittagong region river system]]. Principal rivers are: ganges, padma, brahmaputra, jamuna, surma, kushiyara, meghna, karnafuli, old brahmaputra, arial khan, buriganga, shitalakshya, tista, atrai, gorai, madhumati, kobadak, rupsa-pashur, feni. <br />
<br />
''Climate'' Sub-tropical [[Monsoon|monsoon]]. Average maximum and minimum winter temperatures are 29°C and 11°C respectively; average maximum and minimum summer temperatures are 34°C and 21°C respectively. Annual [[Rainfall|rainfall]] 1,194 mm to 3,454 mm. Highest humidity 80% to 100% (August-September), lowest 36% (February-March).<br />
<br />
''Archaeological'' sites [[Paharpur|paharpur]] (5 km west of Jamalganj railway station in Joypurhat district, actually the site includes the Badalgachi upazila of Naogaon district), [[Mahasthangarh|mahasthangarh]] (about 12 km north of Bogra town, the site includes partly Shibganj and partly Bogra Sadar upazilas of Bogra district), [[Bhasu Vihara|bhasu vihara]] (about 4.8-6.4 km northwest of Mahasthangarh), [[Mainamati|mainamati]] (8 km west of Comilla town), [[Halud Vihara|halud vihara]] (about 14.5 km west-south-west of Paharpur), [[Sitakot Vihara|sitakot vihara]] (Nawabganj upazila of Dinajpur district), [[Wari-Bateshwar|wari-bateshwar]] (Narsingdi).<br />
<br />
''Tourist spots'' [[Cox's Bazar|cox's bazar]], [[Rangamati District|rangamati]], [[Chittagong District|chittagong]], [[Sylhet District|sylhet]], [[Kuakata|kuakata]] (Patuakhali), [[Sundarbans, The|sundarbans]] (Khulna). The 120-km long Cox's Bazar sea beach is considered to be the longest in the world. Kuakata is a unique beach for viewing sunrise as well as sun-setting.<br />
<br />
''Population'' (2022) total population 169.83 million; density 1,119 persons per sq km, annual growth rate' 1.22%, male-female ratio 98:100, urban population 31.51%, rural population 68.49%. Life expectancy at birth (2022) 72.4 years. At the point of ethnicity Bangladeshi people are amalgamation of Dravidian, Proto-Australoaid, Mongoloid, and Ariyan. Tribal people with a population of just over 1.2 million occupy mainly khagrachhari, bandarban, Rangamati, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, habiganj, Sylhet, sunamganj, maulvi bazar, dinajpur, joypurhat, Rajshahi, naogaon, rangpur, bogra, nawabganj, mymensingh, netrokona, barguna and bhola districts. There are some 45 tribal groups in Bangladesh and among those chakma, garo, hajong, khasia, magh, santals, rakhain, manipuri, murong are notable.<br />
<br />
''Religion'' (2022) Muslims 91.04%, Hindus 7.95%, Buddhists 0.61%, Christian 0.3% and others 0.1%.<br />
<br />
''Language'' National Language: Bangla (99.5% speak Bangla and 0.5% other dialects). English is the second most important language.<br />
<br />
''Literacy'' (7 years and above) 74.66% (2022).<br />
<br />
''Educational institutions'' Public university (2022) 57, private university (2022) 113, government medical college 37, private medical college 72 (2022), engineering college 8, polytechnic institute 20, college (general education) 3340 (2022), secondary school 18,756 and primary school 82,218 (2022).<br />
<br />
''Health facilities'' (2022) Hospitals 2,860; hospital beds 74,415; registered physician 49,994; households per physician 1,847;<br />
<br />
''Employment and occupation'' (Labour Force Survey 2002-03, in percent) technical and professional 3.8; administrative and managerial 0.2; clerical works 3.4; sales works 14.8; service works 4.5; agriculture, forestry and fisheries 51.4; production and transport 21.9.<br />
<br />
''Artisans'' [[Kamar|kamar]] (blacksmith), [[Kumar|kumar]] (potter), [[Tanti|tanti]] (weaver), modak or [[Moyra|moyra]] (sweetmeat maker), [[Sutradhar|sutradhar]] or chutar (carpenter), [[Kalu|kalu]] (oil presser), [[Kansaru|kansaru]] (brazier), [[Shankhari|shankhari]] (shell cutter), [[Swarnakar|swarnakar]] (goldsmith), [[Gharami|gharami]] (house builder), [[Kahar|kahar]] (palanquin bearer), [[Karati|karati]] (sawyer), [[Patial|patial]](matmaker).<br />
<br />
''Mineral resources'' [[Natural Gas|natural gas]], [[Coal|coal]], [[Peat|peat]], [[Limestone|limestone]], [[Hardrock|hardrock]], [[Beach Sand Heavy Mineral|beach sand heavy mineral]] (zircon, rutile, Ilmenite, Garnet, Magnetite, Monazite, Leucoxene, Kyanite), [[Glass Sand|glass sand]], [[White Clay|white clay]], [[Brick Clay|brick clay]] and metallic minerals.<br />
<br />
''Water resources'' Bangladesh is endowed with plenty of [[Surface Water|surface water]] and [[Groundwater|groundwater]] resources. Surface water inflows of the country vary from a maximum of about 140,000 cumec in August to a minimum of about 7,000 cumec in February. The alluvial aquifer systems of Bangladesh are some of the most productive groundwater reservoirs. Groundwater in Bangladesh occurs at a very shallow depth where the recent river-borne [[Sediment|sediment]]s form prolific aquifers in the [[Floodplain|floodplain]]s. In the higher terraces, the Barind and Madhupur tracts, the Pleistocene Dupi Tila sands act as aquifers. In the hilly areas, the Pliocene Tipam sands serve as aquifers. The groundwater table over most of Bangladesh lies very close to the surface and fluctuates with the annual recharge discharge conditions.<br />
<br />
''Energy sources'' Fuelwood, natural gas, liquid petroleum fuels, coal, hydropower, solar power, [[Biogas|biogas]], etc.<br />
<br />
''Financial system'' one central bank ([[Bangladesh Bank|bangladesh bank]]), 61 commercial banks (6 nationalised commercial banks or NCBs), 46 private domestic banks and 9 foreign banks), 5 state-owned specialised banks, also known as development finance institutions (DFIs), 23 non-bank financial institutions, 27 merchant bankers, 556 money changers, the Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB), 2 stock exchanges (the [[Dhaka Stock Exchange, The|dhaka stock exchange]] and [[Chittagong Stock Exchange|chittagong stock exchange]]), 2 state-owned and 39 private sector insurance companies, about 10 leasing companies, Post Office Savings Bank and the Postal Life Insurance schemes. There are 145,000 co-operatives. Bangladesh Samabaya Bank Ltd is the apex institution of the co-operative sector. There are over 1,200 non-governmental and non-profit micro finance institutions.<br />
<br />
''Industries'' Jute, tea, [[Textiles|textile]], garments, [[Paper|paper]], newsprint, [[Fertiliser|fertiliser]], leather and leather goods, cement, sugar, fish processing, pharmaceuticals and chemicals.<br />
<br />
''Export Processing Zone'' (EPZ) Existing: Chittagong EPZ (1983) and Dhaka EPZ. Proposed: Gazipur, Mongla, Ishwardi, Comilla, Saidpur and Sirajganj. The government has signed an agreement with the Republic of Korea to establish a Korean EPZ in Chittagong.<br />
<br />
'''Exports''' Ready made garments, raw jute, jute manufactures, tea, leather and leather products, frozen shrimps and other fish products, newsprint, handicraft.<br />
<br />
''Imports'' Wheat, oil seeds, crude petroleum, raw cotton, edible oil, [[Petroleum Products|petroleum products]], [[Fertiliser|fertiliser]], cement, yarn.<br />
<br />
''Foreign trade'' Export: 16.20 billion US$; Import: 23.74 billion US$ (2009-10).<br />
<br />
''Currency'' Taka (Tk 105 = US$1, December 2022).<br />
<br />
''Per-capita income'''US$ 2,687 (2022).<br />
<br />
''Transport and communication'' Metalled road 21,595 km; Railways 2,955.53 km. Waterways 8,900 km.<br />
<br />
''Major bridges'' [[Padma Bridge|padma bridge]] opened in 25 June 2022 with a length of 6.15 km; [[Bangabandhu Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge|bangabandhu jamuna multipurpose bridge]]; Japan-Bangladesh Friendship Bridge (on the Meghna river at Gazaria upazila, Munshiganj); Bangladesh-UK Friendship Bridge (on the Meghna river at Bhairab upazila, Kishoreganj district) Meghna-Gumti Bridge (on the Meghna river at Daudkandi upazila, Comilla); Tarra Bridge (on the Dhaleshwari river at Ghior upazila, Manikganj); China-Bangladesh Friendship Bridge 1 (on the Buriganga river in Dhaka); China-Bangladesh Friendship Bridge 2 (on the Buriganga river in Dhaka); Shitalakshya Bridge, popularly known as Kanchpur Bridge (on the Shitalakshya river at Sonargaon upazila, Narayanganj); [[Karnafuli Bridge|karnafuli bridge]] (on the Karnafuli river at Chandgaon upazila, Chittagong) are notable.<br />
<br />
''Railway bridges'' [[Hardinge Bridge|hardinge bridge]] (on the Ganges river at Ishwardi upazila, pabna), Bhairab Bridge (on the Meghna river at [[Bhairab River|bhairab]] upazila, [[Kishoreganj District|kishoreganj]]); Tista Bridge (on the Tista river at [[Kaunia Upazila|kaunia]] upazila, Rangpur) are notable.<br />
<br />
''Major inland riverports'' Dhaka, Chandpur, Barisal, Khulna, Narayanganj, Bhairab Bazar, Ashuganj, Sirajganj.<br />
<br />
''Seaports'' Chittagong Port and Mongla Port.<br />
<br />
''Airports'' Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Dhaka; Amanat Shah International Airport, Chittagong; Osmany International Airport, Sylhet; Cox's Bazar Airport; Jessore Airport; Barisal Airport; Rajshahi Airport; Saidpur Airport, Nilphamari; Ishwardi Airport, Pabna; Tejgaon STOL Port, Dhaka; Shamsernagar STOL Port, Maulvi Bazar; Comilla STOL Port, [[Comilla District|comilla]]; Lalmonirhat STOL Port; Thakurgaon STOL Port.<br />
<br />
''Radio stations'' Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, Rangamati, Comilla and Thakurgaon.<br />
<br />
''TV stations'' Transmission centres: Dhaka and Chittagong. Relay stations: Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Natore, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Noakhali, Satkhira, Cox's Bazar, Rangamati and Thakurgaon.<br />
<br />
''Satellite station'' Three communication satellite ground receiving stations: Betbunia, Chittagong; Talibabad, Savar, Dhaka, Mohakhali, Dhaka.<br />
<br />
''Food'' Staple diet: rice, wheat, vegetable, pulses, fish and meat.<br />
<br />
''Principal crops'' jute, rice, wheat, potato, tea, tobacco, sugarcane.<br />
<br />
''Principal fruits'' [[Mango|mango]] (am), [[Jackfruit|jackfruit]] (kanthal), black berry (jam), [[Pineapple|pineapple]] (anarax), [[Banana|banana]] (kala), [[Litchi|litchi]] (lichu), [[Lemon|lemon]] (lebu), [[Guava|guava]] (peyara), [[Papaya|papaya]] (pepe), tamarind (tentul), watermelon (tarmuj), rose apple (jamrul), jujube (badai).<br />
<br />
''Principal fishes'' Freshwater fishes: [[Hilsa|hilsa]] (Ilix) [Tenualosa ilisha]; [[Carp|carp]]s (Rui, Catla, Mrigal, Kalibaux, etc); barbs (Punti, Mahaxol, etc); minnows (Darkina, Chela, Mola, etc); catfishes (Tebgra, Aid, Shingi, Magur, etc); Climbing Perch (Koi), [Anabas testudineus]. Saline water fishes: Jew fishes (Poa), thread-fins (Tapasi), mullets (Bata), pomfrets (Rupchanda), etc.<br />
<br />
''Flora'' 6000 species (5000 flowering plants).<br />
<br />
''Fauna'' Vertebrates: about 1600 species; [[Fish|fish]]: 266 inland species and 442 marine species; [[Amphibians|amphibian]][[Amphibians|s]]: 22 species; [[Reptile|reptile]]s 126 species (109 inland and 17 marine); [[Bird|bird]]s: 628 species (388 resident and 240 migratory); [[Mammal|mammal]]s: 113 species (110 inland and 3 marine).<br />
<br />
''Forest'' Total 21403 sq km. Hill forest land 13,617 sq km; Inland forest land 1,220 sq km; Littoral forest 6,566 sq km.<br />
<br />
''National days'' Shaheed Dibas (Martyrs' Day) on 21 February now observed as [[International Mother Language Day|international mother language day]]; Swadhinata Dibas ([[Independence Day|independence day]]) on 26 March; [[Pahela Baishakh|pahela baishakh]] or Bangla Nababarsa (Bangla New Year); Bijoy Dibas ([[Victory Day|victory day]]) on 16 December.<br />
<br />
''Festivals'' Common: Navanna, [[Pahela Baishakh|pahela baishakh]] (Bangla Nababarsha). Religious: Muslim [[Eid-ul Fitr|eid-ul fitr]], [[Eid-ul Azha|eid-ul azha]], [[Shab-e-Qadr|shab-e-qadr]], [[Shab-e-Barat|shab-e-barat]], Eid-e-Miladunnabi, [[Muharram|muharram]]; Hindu [[Durga Puja|durga puja]], [[Kali Puja|kali puja]], [[Laksmi Puja|laksmi puja]], Saraswati puja, Doljatra, Holi; Christian [[Christmas|christmas]]; Buddhist [[Buddha Purnima|buddha purnima]].<br />
<br />
''Games'' [[Kabadi|kabadi]] is the national game; football, [[Cricket|cricket]], [[Hockey|hockey]], [[Tennis|tennis]], [[Badminton|badminton]], [[Volleyball|volleyball]], [[Handball|handball]], [[Chess|chess]] and carom are also popular games.<br />
<br />
''National flower'' Shapla or water lily (Nymphaea pubescens).<br />
<br />
''National fruit'' Kanthal or jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus).<br />
<br />
''National bird'' Doel or [[Magpie-robin|magpie-robin]] or Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis).<br />
<br />
''National fish'' Ilish hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha).<br />
<br />
''National animal'' Bagh or [[Bengal Tiger|bengal tiger]], well known as Royal Bengal Tiger (Pathera tigris). [Masud Hasan Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[bn:বাংলাদেশ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tentulia_River&diff=15636Tentulia River2026-08-04T11:55:28Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Tentulia River''' a flow of the Lower Meghna River. Originating from the [[Meghna River|meghna]] at north of [[Bhola District|bhola]] district, the river flows over Tentulia, Nimdi, Kalaia and Purbamunia to fall into the [[Bay of Bengal|bay of bengal]] at Rangopaldi of [[Galachipa Upazila|galachipa]] upazila as the Buragouranga.<br />
<br />
In the past the river was a torrential one, but at present it becomes gentle due to a great braid formation. The Tentulia disconnected the Bhola district from the main land of [[Barisal District|barisal]]. The Ramnabad Island is located at the west end of the river. An offshoot of the Meghna river from Shahbajpur meets the Tentulia.<br />
<br />
The total length of the river is about 84 km and the average width is 6 km. Dhulia Bazar, Gangapur Bazar, Manipur Bazar, Kalaiya port, Dasmuni Bazar are some of the important places on the bank of the river. The river shows erosional tendency. A number of places under [[Bauphal Upazila|bauphal]] and Galachipa upazilas are facing severe bank-erosion caused by the Tentulia river.<br />
<br />
The Laukathi, an offshoot of the Tentulia is gradually decaying and as a result, the river routes between Patuakhali district town and other places are being impeded. However, the chars and islands forming at various locations on the Tentulia, are now becoming the sites for settlements and crop cultivation. [Masud Hasan Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:তেঁতুলিয়া নদী]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tentulia_River&diff=15635Tentulia River2026-08-04T11:54:48Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Tentulia River''' a flow of the Lower Meghna River. Originating from the [[Meghna River|meghna]] at north of [[Bhola District|bhola]] district, the river flows over Tentulia, Nimdi, Kalaia and Purbamunia to fall into the [[Bay of Bengal|bay of bengal]] at Rangopaldi of [[Galachipa Upazila|galachipa]] upazila as the Buragouranga.<br />
<br />
In the past the river was a torrential one, but at present it becomes gentle due to a great braid formation. The Tentulia disconnected the Bhola district from the main land of [[Barisal District|barisal]]. The Ramnabad Island is located at the west end of the river. An offshoot of the Meghna river from Shahbajpur meets the Tentulia.<br />
<br />
The total length of the river is about 84 km and the average width is 6 km. Dhulia Bazar, Gangapur Bazar, Manipur Bazar, Kalaiya port, Dasmuni Bazar are some of the important places on the bank of the river. The river shows erosional tendency. A number of places under [[Bauphal Upazila|bauphal]] and Galachipa upazilas are facing severe bank-erosion caused by the Tentulia river.<br />
<br />
The Laukathi, an offshoot of the Tentulia is gradually decaying and as a result, the river routes between Patuakhali district town and other places are being impeded. However, the chars and islands forming at various locations on the Tentulia, are now becoming the sites for settlements and crop cultivation. [Masud Hasan Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Natural Sciences]]<br />
<br />
[bn:তেঁতুলিয়া নদী]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Census&diff=15632Census2026-08-04T06:31:43Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Census''' in modern usage, the term ‘census’ may be defined as the total process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, social and economic data about the population of a defined territory at a specified time or times. It is the unique source of reliable and comprehensive data and may be considered as the largest single data-gathering exercise carried out in a country. The first population census in Bengal was undertaken along with other parts of India-Bangladesh-Pakistan sub-continent under the British rule in 1872. But the attempt failed to achieve its objectives. The primary reason was that the people, suspicious of the population count, did not cooperate with the enumerators. This led to take a second census in 1881. According to demographers, the censuses of the first three decades of the 20th century (i.e. of 1901, 1911, and 1921) were fairly reliable. <br />
<br />
The censuses of 1931 and 1941 lost their credibility due to fabrication of census data due to a number of reasons. Hindus and Muslims, motivated by communal enthusiasm, tended to submit false returns in favor of their respective communities. The census of 1951, the first census for East Pakistan, suffered weaknesses of a different kind. The census of 1961 is regarded as the most reliable count undertaken since 1901. <br />
<br />
Since the census of 1881, the subsequent censuses in the area now constituting Bangladesh had been carried out every ten years in the year ending in ‘1’ until 1961. After independence of Bangladesh, the first census of the country scheduled to be held in 1971 was conducted in 1974 due to the war of liberation. <br />
<br />
The 1981 census was the second census in the free soil of Bangladesh after the War of Liberation in 1971. The third decennial census of Bangladesh was conducted between March 12 and March 15, 1991. The fourth population census was taken during 23 January–27 January, 2001. Following the decennial tradition of conducting the population census, the fifth census was conducted from the 15th to 19th of March 2011. <br />
<br />
''Population Size and Implied Rate of Growth 1901–2011'' In 1901, the population of Bangladesh was about 29 million, which rose to 36 million in 1931, only about 24% increase in 30 years. By the next 30 years, the rise was abrupt; nearly 43%. Within a period of only 20 years (1961–1981), more than 26 million people were added implying an increase of 71% within this short span of time. The population stood at 111.5 million in 1991. The census of 2001 recorded a population of 130.5 million, implying an addition of over 39 million people in 20 years since 1981. In the next 20 years, the population of Bangladesh increased by about 67 percent: from 89.9 million to 149.8 million. Based on the 2001–2011 intercensal growth rate, it is estimated that the population of Bangladesh will be close to 170 million in the next census date in 2021.<br />
<br />
The urban population increased as a percentage of the total population from 2.6% in 1911 to 5.2% in 1961. After the independence of Bangladesh, the urban population was 6.27 million in 1974 which increased to 20.87 million in 1991 and 29.25 million in 2001. The annual growth rate of the urban population was 3.43% during 1991-2001 and 1.29% during 2001–2011 reaching to over 35 million in 2011 since 2001 (BBS, 2015: 36). <br />
<br />
''Population Density'' With a population of 214 persons per square kilometer in 1911 census year, the density stood at 976 persons per square km in 2011. This amounts to about a five-fold increase in the density in 100 years. <br />
<br />
''Sex and Composition'' The sex ratio was 104.5 in 1901, which slowly began to increase till 1951 reaching to 109.7, an increase of about 5 percent in 50 years. It then started to fall rapidly and reached to as low as 100.3 in 2011, suggesting a precipitous fall of about 9 percent in another 60 years. <br />
<br />
''Dependency Ratio'' Dependency ratio is the proportion of dependent population to the working age population. In the census reports, the dependents are those who are under 15 years of age and 60 years and over, while the working group consists of those who are aged 15–59. These ratios calculated from 11 census age distributions undertaken during 1911–2011varied from 88 percent in 1911 to 73 percent in 2011.<br />
<br />
''Religious Composition'' Bangladesh is predominantly an Islamic country where about 90 percent people are Muslims. The remaining 10 percent are believers of other religions. There have been virtually little changes in the religious composition over the last 20 years. For example, in 1991, the Muslim population constituted 87 percent of the total population, which increased to 89.9 percent in 2011. <br />
<br />
''Age at Marriage'' Census data do not allow us to calculate mean age at marriage; instead we calculate Singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM), an indirect mean age at first marriage from proportions of never married population. The SMAM for females was only 12.6 years in 1931. During 1931–1974, this mean increased by 3.3 years. Since 1974, the female SMAM increased from 15 years to 19.6 years in 2011. The SMAM clearly shows that the mean age at marriage has consistently increased from its 1931 level to 2011. It is true for both sexes. Over this period, the mean age at marriage for males has gone up by 6.2 years. This is 6.8 years for females.<br />
<br />
''Literacy Rate'' The literacy rate of population aged 7 years and above was 26.8 percent in 1974, which increased to 51.8 percent in 2011. This increase was significantly more pronounced among the males than among the females. Adult literacy rate for population aged 15 years and above in 2011 is 53. In adult literacy, the increase was more pronounced among the females. [Md. Nurul Islam]<br />
<br />
'''References''' BBS (2015). Population and Housing Census 2011. National Report, Volume–1; BBS (2018). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2018. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka.<br />
<br />
''See also'' [[Population|population]].<br />
<br />
[[bn:জনশুমারি]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh&diff=15631Communist Party of Bangladesh2026-07-28T05:04:20Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Communist Party of Bangladesh''' a successor organisation to the All India Communist Party which was first formed in Tashkhand of Russia in 1920 at the initiative of the well-known Indian revolutionary MN Roy. But it had not continued for long. It was formed for the second time at a convention of the nationalist revolutionaries held in Cownpur on 26 December 1925 with Singaravelu Chettiar of Madras as president, SV Ghate and GP Bagarhatta as secretaries.<br />
<br />
From its very inception the All India Communist Party had been a victim to repression by the British government in India, and most of the time the party had to work secretly and often under the banner of newly floated fronts and platforms like the Workers and Peasants Party (1925), Progressive Writers' Organisation (1936), All India Kishan Shava (1936) and All India Students Federation (1936). The Communist Party was banned by the British government in 1934, and consequently the party leaders had a directive to the workers to work with the INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS. However, the ban was withdrawn in 1942.<br />
<br />
The Communist Party successfully organised the anti-war strike in Bombay in 1939 where 90 thousand workers participated. In the 1940s, the Party organised labour movements throughout the whole of India. Between 1943 and 1946 it organised peasant movements like [[Tebhaga Movement|tebhaga movement]], Nankar Movement, [[Tonk Movement|tonk movement]], Telengana Movement, Punnapa Viala Movement in Kerala, Kayur Movement. In the general elections of 1946 out of its 13 candidates from Bengal 3 came out successful.<br />
<br />
After the partition of India in 1947, an attempt was made to form an independent Communist Party in Pakistan, and with this end in view a 7-member Regional Committee was formed in Dhaka (1947). The Communist Party of Pakistan was formed on 6 March 1948 by the councilors from East and West Pakistan attending the second congress of the All India Communist Party held in Calcutta. The central executive committee was constituted with Sajjad Zahir as general secretary. On the same day the 19-member East Bengal provincial committee was formed by the councilors from East Bengal with Khoka Roy as secretary.<br />
<br />
The Communist Party faced persistent repressive measures taken by the Muslim League government during 1949-50. The police firing on the communist prisoners inside the Khapra ward of Rajshahi central jail on 24 April 1950 killed seven leaders while 31 of them were seriously wounded. In 1950, the historic [[Santal Rebellion|santal rebellion]] and [[Nachole Uprising|nachole uprising]] were organised under the leadership of Ramen Mitra and IlaMitra. In 1951, the Pakistan government constituted Rawalpindi conspiracy case against the leaders of Communist Party of West Pakistan, and some leaders of the party including its general secretary Sajjad Zahir were tried and convicted. Thus the activities of the Party in West Pakistan having been almost stand still, the party leaders in East Bengal came forward with separate programme for organising movement against the government.<br />
<br />
The Communist leaders in East Bengal had important role in organising the [[Language Movement|language movement]]. In 1954 elections the Party supported the [[United Front|united front]]. Out of seven provincial candidates nominated by the Party, four were elected. With the promulgation of 92-A and the establishment of Governor's rule in the province in 1954, the Communist Party was declared banned.<br />
<br />
The Party workers continued their activities under the banner of Awami Muslim League, and then under the shade of National Awami Party (1957). The military government of Ayub Khan launched deliberate repressive measure against the leaders and workers of the already banned Communist Party. Some party leaders had to undergo imprisonment for the whole period of Ayub Khan's rule (1958-69).<br />
<br />
The Communist Party in East Pakistan had a rift in 1966 following the ideological controversy within the party caused by China-Soviet conflict resulting in the emergence of pro-Mosco group headed by [[Singh, Moni|moni singh]] and the pro-China camp under Mohammad Toaha. The Communist Party accorded full support to the [[Six-point Programme|six-point programme]] of Bangabandhu [[Rahman, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur|sheikh mujibur rahman]] (1966). <br />
<br />
In the fourth conference of the Party, held in Dhaka in 1968, an independent Communist Party in East Pakistan was formed with Barin Datta (Abdus Salam) as secretary. The Party actively participated in the [[Mass Upsurge, 1969|mass upsurge]] against the autocratic rule of Ayub Khan in 1969, and also during the nationwide upheaval including the non-cooperation movement of 1971. Later on after the independence of Bangladesh this fourth conference was renamed as the first congress of the independent 'Communist Party of Bangladesh'.<br />
<br />
The leaders and workers of the Communist Party of East Pakistan actively participated in the [[War of Liberation, The|war of liberation]] in 1971. Comrade Moni Singh, the president of the party, was a member of the advisory council of the Bangladesh government in exile. A special guerilla force under the direct command of CPB-NAP-BSU fought valiantly against the Pakistan occupation army. After the liberation of the country the Party changed its name as the Communist Party of Bangladesh (CPB), and the Party first in its history got the opportunity to mobilise its activities openly and freely. The Party formed Trade Union Centre with a view to mobilise trade union organisations and movements on revolutionary lines. A Gana Oikya Jote was formed on 14 October 1973 consisting of the Bangladesh Awami League, Communist Party and National Awami Party (Muzaffar) with a view to prepare ground for establishing socialism in the country, and a Jote Committee was constituted consisting of 19 members with three members from CPB. The party in its second congress held in Dhaka (1973) adopted a new constitution, and a 26-member central executive committee was elected with Moni Singh as president and Mohammad Farhad as general secretary.<br />
<br />
The CPB leaders and workers were victims to serious repression under the military government in 1975 after the tragic killing of Bangabandhu. The Party leaders in the centre and in district lebels were arrested, warrants were issued against many (1976), and in October 1977 CPB was declared banned. In 1978 the ban on the party was, however, withdrawn and its leaders were released. The CPB participated in the general elections of 1978. As a member of the Oikya Front the CPB accorded active support to General Mohammad Ataul Ghani Osmany in the Presidential election in 1979.<br />
<br />
The CPB joined the 15-party alliance in 1983 against the military rule of Hussein Muhammad Ershad. The party participated in the Jatiya Sangsad elections in 1986 and secured five seats. CPB had a vital role in the oust Ershad movement in 1990.<br />
<br />
The CPB faced a great crisis in 1991 in view of the disaster of socialism in East Europe including Soviet Union. The party leaders were divided into two camps, one in favour of abolition of the CPB and its replacement by a new platform on democratic line, and the other in favour of maintaining the party in its original form. This conflict grew to be acute in 1993 when the two opposing groups arranged separate convention in Dhaka. The Marxist-Leninist group in their convention held on 15 June (1993) resolved in favour of the independent existence of the Communist Party in Bangladesh, and had their new central executive committee formed with working class leader Shahidullah Chowdhury as president and Mujahidul Islam Selim as general secretary.<br />
<br />
The sixth congress of the CPB held in Dhaka on 7-8 April 1995 declared its 17-point programme of national democratic revolution. In 1996, in all 35 CPB candidates contested in the Jatiya Sangsad elections. The party celebrated its 50-year Golden Jubilee in 1998.<br />
<br />
CPB has successfully held its seventh congress in 1999 and eighth congress in 2003. In the ninth congress of the party held on 7-9 August 2008 CPB had its new central executive committee formed with Manjurul Ahsan Khan as president and Mujahidul Islam Selim as general secretary. From then on four regular congresses were held by CPB, in the last eleventh congress CPB adopted the strategy of completing first a 'revolutionary Democratic transformation of the Society oriented towards Socialism'. In the adopted political resolution of the congress it calls the countrymen for “forming an alternative 'left-democratic front' outside the two other fronts led by the AL and BNP- which according to the resolution are the two factions of the same ruling class, the so-called 'Plundering Bourgeoisie'.<br />
<br />
CPB is giving priority to the urgent task of fighting religious fundamentalism, and the party is also working to build up a united front with left and democratic force in order to become a third alternative in the field of politics. [MM Akash]<br />
<br />
[[bn:বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Radical_Politics&diff=15630Radical Politics2026-07-28T05:03:15Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Radical Politics''' historically covers individual or collective activities for implementing an ideology challenging the fundamentals of the existing system of politics and governance. Generally, it is a political movement advocating fundamental changes in the political, legal and economic structure of the existing authority or state, often but not necessarily, by extreme means. Thomas Paine (1732-1809), Voltaire (1641-1778), Bentham (1748-1834), Karl Marx (1818-1883) are the advocates of modern ideological politics of radical bias.<br />
<br />
The history of radical left politics in the region may be traced back to the 1920s when the Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed on 17 October 1920 by some exiles in Tashkent, then part of USSR, with the initiative of Manabendra Nath Roy. The party had little influence in the area comprising Bangladesh till the late forties. During the twenties and thirties, the radical nationalist movement of the middle class youth was mainly directed in the form of terrorist actions against the British. Killing of British citizens and police officials was the main action of the terrorists. The greater districts of Dhaka, Chittagong, Mymensingh, Comilla and Barisal were the main centres of such actions. At that time many activists were killed in confrontation with the police and many were hanged in prisons. Besides, hundreds were put behind the bar for years, and many of them were sentenced to transportation to the islands of Andaman. Terrorists came into contact with communist literature in prisons, and many were converted to communism. After the partition of India in 1947, the communists of East Bengal, mostly Hindus, migrated to India due to repressive measures and communal riots.<br />
<br />
The second congress of CPI was held in 1948 in Calcutta, which was represented by 125 delegates from East Bengal, and five from West Pakistan. Given the reality of divided India, it was decided to form a separate committee for the party working within Pakistan. Accordingly, a nine-member central committee of the Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP) was formed. CPP was formally founded on 6 March 1948. CPP had little influence and organisation in West Pakistan but it developed rapidly in East Bengal. The policies and programmes of the party in respect of strategy and tactics had been similar to those of the CPI. Since the end of the Second World War, the influence of the Communist Party of China (CPC) had been increasing within CPI. When the CPI called for a 'socialistic revolution' through armed uprising, CPC approved it.<br />
<br />
Between 1948 and 1950, there were many sporadic peasant uprisings and continuous peasant movements led by the organisers of CPP of which the most spectacular was the uprising of Hajong tribe at Susang Durgapur in the district of Netrokona. This continued for few years. The [[Tebhaga Movement|tebhaga movement]] was fought by tenant farmers in some districts in the northern region in 1946-47. Many peasants died in police firing. The struggle was called off following assurance that Tebhaga demands would be met. The [[Nachole Uprising|nachole uprising]] of 1950, was an armed confrontation between the tenants and the police. Peasant uprising and armed confrontations with the police also took place at Dhanimunia and Dumuria in Khulna, Barendra Durgapur, Chandpur and Egarokhan in Jessore and Bianibazar in Sylhet. Many organisers of CPP were killed and many more were put behind the bar. More than 3000 communists were arrested during 1948-51. Hundreds of them suffered imprisonment for years together without any trial. The party members went into hiding and became largely alienated from the people.<br />
<br />
A plenary session of the central committee of CPI was held in May 1950, where a new provisional committee was elected. In April 1951, a draft programme of the Party was published calling for the creation of a broad-based anti-feudal and anti-imperialist front, including the national bourgeoisie. CPI then gave up armed struggle and started collaborating with the Nehru government and decided to participate in parliamentary politics. A similar change was wrought later in East Bengal. In a conference of delegates from different districts held in 1951, CPP decided to lay emphasis on mobilisations by infiltrating themselves in 'petty-bourgeois political parties'.<br />
<br />
Starting from the 1950s, [[Bhasani, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan|maulana abdul hamid khan bhasani]], with the help of communist and radical elements, organised the peasants through the Krishak Samity, the peasant front of the [[National Awami Party|national awami party]]. Except for the period between 1954 and 1957, the KrishakSamity faced tremendous repression. Following withdrawal of Martial Law in 1962, the KrishakSamity became more active and had organised a number of powerful and militant peasants rallies in different parts of the country. In 1969, these peasants spontaneously stood up against jotedars, village touts, local government functionaries and repressive government officials in different parts of the country. In some places, they took to gherao and jalao and set up people's courts. In keeping with the new mood of the peasants, the KrishakSamity tried to popularise 'the land to the tiller' slogan. However, given its weak organisation and vacillating leadership, it could not give a definite shape to radical ideas. Besides, there was a difference of opinion among the left regarding the priority between the radical class movement and the rising national movement.<br />
<br />
The division in the international communist camp after the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party resulted in a split in CPI. A section of Indian communists formed a new party, the CPI (Marxist), and lent its support to the 'Beijing line'. A split in CPP followed. The pro-Beijing elements formed a separate party, Purba Pakistaner Communist Party (CPPP). The first congress of this party was held in Sylhet in 1967 where a proposal for achieving 'Swadhin Janaganatantrik Purba Bangla' (Independent People Democratic East Bengal) was adopted. However, a major faction led by Mohammad Toaha and Abdul Haque held the idea of achieving a people's democratic revolution within the framework of Pakistan. Ultimately CPPP had a rift, and the faction proposing Swadhin Janaganatantrik Purba Bangla led by Deven Sikder, Abul Bashar, Abdul Matin, Alauddin and others, formed a separate party in April 1969. They named it as Purba Banglar Communist Party (CPPB).<br />
<br />
There was a peasant uprising in some villages of Naxalbari in the Indian state of West Bengal during May-June 1967 where armed peasants led by a few dissident CPI (Marxist) leaders set up a 'parallel administration' and forcibly occupied the land of some jotedars (big landowners). The initiators of the Naxalbari uprising emphasised the strategy of political actions in the form of 'physical annihilation of the class enemies' and accused the CPI (M) leadership of 'neo-revisionism'. This debate continued for about two years among the pro-Beijing Indian communists and ultimately a new party was floated on 1 May 1969. The new party CPI (Marxist-Leninist) started replicating the Naxalbari experience elsewhere. The split in CPI (M) was quickly followed by a shift of strategy in CPPB. In a congress held in Pabna in June 1969, CPPB decided to follow the political line of CPI (ML). In the meantime, Awami League emerged as the major political party by successfully symbolising nationalist aspirations of the people of East Pakistan. It won a landslide victory in the general elections held in December 1970. The radical nationalist elements within the Awami League became very active in the political arena and were working in a clandestine manner for the independence of East Pakistan. After some eventful months, armed struggle against the Pakistani military regime began in March 1971. Bangladesh emerged as a politically independent entity after nine months of [[War of Liberation, The|war of liberation]].<br />
<br />
The pro-Moscow CPP supported the liberation war and many of its members actively participated in it. However, the role of some pro-Beijing factions was negative during the war. A small fragment of CPPB supported the liberation war. A section of CPPP collaborated with Pakistani occupation army and fought against the freedom fighters. Another section belonging to both CPP and CPPB termed the war as a fight between Pakistani bourgeois and emerging Bangali bourgeois, and declared both the Pakistani army and freedom fighters as enemies of the people. Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party, an independent group among the pro-Beijing communists, was the lone exception. It participated in the war of liberation. This party was founded by [[Sikder, Siraj|siraj sikder]] in January 1968 (Purba Banglar Sramik Andalon). Towards the end of 1969, they formed Mao Zedong Research Centre in Dhaka. They viewed East Pakistan as a colony of Pakistan and put forward the idea of liberating East Pakistan through an armed guerrilla movement.<br />
<br />
After independence of Bangladesh, the pro-Moscow Communist Party of Bangladesh (CPB, the erstwhile CPP) decided to cooperate with the Awami League government in its nation building tasks. At a meeting of the central committee held on 4 February 1972, CPB decided to work in collaboration with Awami League 'to foster progressive thoughts within Awami League to a greater extent'. However, owing to its identification with the rule of Awami League as a tail ender, it lost its popularity rapidly and became marginalised. The situation of pro-Beijing communist groups was no better. During and after the War of Liberation these groups suffered further disintegration leaving a very bad image before the people for their role during the liberation war. After the war, their alienation from the people was more or less complete.<br />
<br />
The central committee of Chhatra League adopted a resolution in its meeting on 5-7 March 1972 calling for 'the establishment of scientific socialism through a social revolution by intensifying class struggle'. Inner party strife within Chhatra League continued for some months, and the division was complete when two rival factions held separate council sessions on 21-23 July 1972. One group remained loyal to the official policy of Awami League and the other group aspired to achieve socialism through a 'social revolution'. After some eventful months, a new political party was floated with the name Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (JSD) on 31 October 1972. This party was the culmination of clandestine political work by a group called “Nucleus” within BSL, which could be traced back to the early sixties.<br />
<br />
Bangladesh was in the vortex of political unrest and violence since October 1974. The nation was heading towards a deep crisis, and [[Rahman, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur|bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman]] was thinking of a monolithic political system as the last resort to avoid a civil strife. The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution was passed by the Jatiya Sangsad on 25 January 1975 with the enactment of a bill supporting a presidential form of government and a single-party political system. However, the single-party government with Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as President of the Republic was overthrown by a factional military coup on 15 August 1975.<br />
<br />
The anti-secular and anti-socialist forces became very active in the political arena after the August coup. A section of pro-Beijing communists welcomed the new regime. The coup opened the door of power politics and intrigue in and outside the cantonments. This resulted in another coup on 3 November 1975 by a group of senior army officers, which overthrew the government of Khondakar Mostaq Ahmad. This coup was short-lived as it was again overthrown by a counter coup in the early morning of 7 November 1975. An early morning announcement in the radio referred to a 'revolution' initiated by the 'Biplabi Gana Bahini', the armed wing of JSD. However, the 'revolution' was side tracked by the rise of General Ziaur Rahman. Soon JSD was accused of 'acts of subversion against the patriotic army and the integrity of the state'. A secret trial was held inside the Dhaka Central Jail where Col. [[Taher, Colonel Abu|abu taher]], a leader of the JSD, was hanged and many of its top leaders imprisoned.<br />
<br />
Socialism as a state policy had been officially recognised by the government of Bangladesh since its very inception. This was somewhat reflected in the first five-year plan (1973-78). However, since 1975 state policy itself went against the concept of radical social transformation. [MM Akash]<br />
<br />
'''Bibliography''' V Putchkov, ''Thirty-five Years of Struggle, Communist Party of Bangladesh'' (Trans by Mozammel Hossain and Nazrul Islam as SangramerPoitrishBachhar, Bangladesher Communist Party) Dhaka, 1983; Sumanta Banarjee, ''In the Wake of Naxalbari'', Calcutta, 1980; K Antonova, G Bongard-Levin, and G. Kotovsky, ''A History of India'', Book 2, Moscow, 1979; Badruddin Umar, ''Purba Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti'', Dhaka, 1970.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[bn:বাম রাজনীতি]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Comilla_University&diff=15629Comilla University2026-07-28T04:24:46Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Comilla University''' a place of impeccably beautiful natural environment, is located at Salmanpur and Rajarkhola areas of Lalmai Mouza of Bijoypur Union of Sadar Dakshin Upazila and about 9.8 km south-west of Comilla city. It is not far from the Dhaka-Chittagong highway. This red hill University has a campus of about 250 acres and launched its journey on May 26, 2006 as the 26th public university in the country. The first vice chancellor of the university was Professor. Golam Mawla who served from July 26, 2006 to July 30, 2006.<br />
<br />
[[Image:ComillaUniversityAdminBuilding.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|Part of Comilla University (Administrative Building)]]<br />
Since its inception, this highest educational institution in the Middle East of the country has become the heart of knowledge in various activities. Besides Comilla University there are several traditional, educational and archeological establishments like Shalban Vihara, Itakhola Mura, Mainamati Museum, Bangladesh Rural Development Academy (BARD), Comilla Cadet College, Pottery Village. These establishment and institutions have also enriched the surroundings of the university.<br />
<br />
Historical Background The historical background of Comilla University was written about a thousand years ago although the age of the university is only 16 years. In the 7th century AD, the Chandra dynasty king Bhavadev established a prosperous ancient town about 500 miles named Shalban Vihara or Ananda Vihara in the heart of the Samatat kingdom on Lalmai-Mainamati area. Scholars of that time called this monasteries as one of the most important centers of learning in Asia. People from all over the world used to come here to seek knowledge. The famous Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang came to Shalban Bihara in 637 AD and saw four thousand monks and 35 monasteries in the Mainamati region which he mentioned in his book. He also described the people of Samatat (Present Comilla) as educationists.<br />
<br />
Considering of all this, in the sixties the movement for the establishment of a university in the Comilla region was intensified. Due to the historical background and improved communication system, there was a strong demand for the establishment of a university in Comilla district within the Chittagong division. In response to this demand, the then government made preparations to establish Comilla University as the third university in East Pakistan in 1964. But in the absence of President Ayub Khan, while presiding over the cabinet meeting on 12 December 1973, Pakistan's Speaker Fazlul Quader Chowdhury directed the Union Education Minister ATM Mostafa to take necessary steps to set up the university in Chittagong.<br />
<br />
The decision to set up the university in Fatehpur Union of Chittagong's Hathazari Police Station was finalized on the recommendation of the local selection commission at a meeting of the National Economic Council in Islamabad on July 18-19, 1974, chaired by Acting President Fazlul Quader Chowdhury. After this incident, the movement to establish a university in Comilla intensified. Several initiatives were taken to establish Comilla University after the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state in 1971, but it did not see the light of day before 2006.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:ComillaUniversityBangabandhuMemorial.jpg|left|thumbnail|200px|Bangabandhu Moral, Comilla University Campus]]<br />
There was a project has been taken to establish Comilla University On July 1, 2004. The foundation stone of the university was laid on February 8, 2006 and The Comilla University Act was passed in Parliament on 7 May of the same year. The university started its academic activities with 300 students and 15 teachers in 7 functional departments on 28 May 2006.<br />
<br />
At present there are a total of 19 departments under 6 faculties (Faculty of Science, 'Arts and Humanities', Social Science, Bussiness Studies, Engineering and Law in Comilla University including Mathematics, Physics, Statistics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, English, Bengal, Economics, Public Administration, Anthropology, Mass Communication & Journalism, Archaeology, Management Studies, Accounting & Information Systems (AIS), Marketing, Finance and Banking, Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), Information & Communication Technology (ICT), Law.<br />
<br />
<br />
The university has a separate Research Cell for research sector and an 'Institutional Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) for institutional quality improvement and training. Journals and literary magazines are being published regularly from different departments. The students of the university have also shown success in robotics in recent times.<br />
The central library of the university has a diverse collection of books, journals and audiovisuals as well as separate computer zone and E-Library.<br />
<br />
[[Image:ComillaUniversityScienceFaulty.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|Science Faculty]]<br />
There is a medical center at Comilla University. Ambulances are available for emergency use. The medical center also launched telemedicine service during the COVID-19 pandemic. <br />
Comilla University has always been praised for its sports and diverse cultural activities. All these activities are contributing to the peace of mind of the students. The students of the university have also left their mark on the national and international level. Various activities including Natta-utsab, Nabanna Utsab, Cultural Fest, Debate Competition, concert etc. are organized at different times of the year.<br />
<br />
[[Image:ComillaUniversityTheatre.jpg|left|thumbnail|200px|Activity of the Theatre]]<br />
There are many mentionable organizations in Comilla University including Prativartan (cultural organisation), Anupras Kanthacharcha Kendra, band- Platform, Abhayranya Comilla University (Environmental organisation), Comilla University Debating Society, IT Society, Bandhu (Blood donating organisation), Udichi, Entrepreneurship and Leadership Development Club-ELDC, Comilla University Journalists Association (CoUJA) and Comilla University Press Club (CoUPC).<br />
<br />
There are several special places and establishments throughout Comilla University. Among them, Bangabandhu Moral, Muktamancha, Forest of Arden, Lalon Pahar, Babui Chattar, Kathal Tola, Baishakhi Chattar, Krishnachura Road, Sunset Valley, Shaheed Minar, VC-Tong, Central field, Central Mosque etc. are mentionable.<br />
<br />
[[Image:ComillaUniversityMuktamancha.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|Muktamancha]]<br />
The first convocation of Comilla University (CoU) was held on 27 January 2020. President Abdul Hamid, the Chancellor of the university attended there while Finance Minister AHM Mustafa Kamal delivered the convocation speech. 2888 graduates attended there. <br />
Comilla University has already expanded its campus by about 200 acres under the ongoing further development project, though it started its journey with only 50 acres of land. Under the project, large scale development activities have been started. The main activities for the implementation of the project of BDT 1655.50 crore of Comilla University are- Land Acquisition (200.22 acres), Land Development (100 acres), Construction of Academic Building, 2nd Administrative Building, Construction of Student Hall, construction of dormitory building, staff residential buildings, school building, Teacher-Student Center (TSC), sports complex, development of family recreation area, excavation of lake etc. Bangladesh Army has been given the responsibility to implement the project. [Md. Ali Morsad Kazem]<br />
<br />
[[bn:কুমিল্লা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Census&diff=15628Census2026-07-28T04:09:18Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Census''' in modern usage, the term ‘census’ may be defined as the total process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, social and economic data about the population of a defined territory at a specified time or times. It is the unique source of reliable and comprehensive data and may be considered as the largest single data-gathering exercise carried out in a country. The first population census in Bengal was undertaken along with other parts of India-Bangladesh-Pakistan sub-continent under the British rule in 1872. But the attempt failed to achieve its objectives. The primary reason was that the people, suspicious of the population count, did not cooperate with the enumerators. This led to take a second census in 1881. According to demographers, the censuses of the first three decades of the 20th century (i.e. of 1901, 1911, and 1921) were fairly reliable. <br />
<br />
The censuses of 1931 and 1941 lost their credibility due to fabrication of census data due to a number of reasons. Hindus and Muslims, motivated by communal enthusiasm, tended to submit false returns in favor of their respective communities. The census of 1951, the first census for East Pakistan, suffered weaknesses of a different kind. The census of 1961 is regarded as the most reliable count undertaken since 1901. <br />
<br />
Since the census of 1881, the subsequent censuses in the area now constituting Bangladesh had been carried out every ten years in the year ending in ‘1’ until 1961. After independence of Bangladesh, the first census of the country scheduled to be held in 1971 was conducted in 1974 due to the war of liberation. <br />
<br />
The 1981 census was the second census in the free soil of Bangladesh after the War of Liberation in 1971. The third decennial census of Bangladesh was conducted between March 12 and March 15, 1991. The fourth population census was taken during 23 January–27 January, 2001. Following the decennial tradition of conducting the population census, the fifth census was conducted from the 15th to 19th of March 2011. <br />
<br />
''Population Size and Implied Rate of Growth 1901–2011'' In 1901, the population of Bangladesh was about 29 million, which rose to 36 million in 1931, only about 24% increase in 30 years. By the next 30 years, the rise was abrupt; nearly 43%. Within a period of only 20 years (1961–1981), more than 26 million people were added implying an increase of 71% within this short span of time. The population stood at 111.5 million in 1991. The census of 2001 recorded a population of 130.5 million, implying an addition of over 39 million people in 20 years since 1981. In the next 20 years, the population of Bangladesh increased by about 67 percent: from 89.9 million to 149.8 million. Based on the 2001–2011 intercensal growth rate, it is estimated that the population of Bangladesh will be close to 170 million in the next census date in 2021.<br />
<br />
The urban population increased as a percentage of the total population from 2.6% in 1911 to 5.2% in 1961. After the independence of Bangladesh, the urban population was 6.27 million in 1974 which increased to 20.87 million in 1991 and 29.25 million in 2001. The annual growth rate of the urban population was 3.43% during 1991-2001 and 1.29% during 2001–2011 reaching to over 35 million in 2011 since 2001 (BBS, 2015: 36). <br />
<br />
''Population Density'' With a population of 214 persons per square kilometer in 1911 census year, the density stood at 976 persons per square km in 2011. This amounts to about a five-fold increase in the density in 100 years. <br />
<br />
''Sex and Composition'' The sex ratio was 104.5 in 1901, which slowly began to increase till 1951 reaching to 109.7, an increase of about 5 percent in 50 years. It then started to fall rapidly and reached to as low as 100.3 in 2011, suggesting a precipitous fall of about 9 percent in another 60 years. <br />
<br />
''Dependency Ratio'' Dependency ratio is the proportion of dependent population to the working age population. In the census reports, the dependents are those who are under 15 years of age and 60 years and over, while the working group consists of those who are aged 15–59. These ratios calculated from 11 census age distributions undertaken during 1911–2011varied from 88 percent in 1911 to 73 percent in 2011.<br />
<br />
''Religious Composition'' Bangladesh is predominantly an Islamic country where about 90 percent people are Muslims. The remaining 10 percent are believers of other religions. There have been virtually little changes in the religious composition over the last 20 years. For example, in 1991, the Muslim population constituted 87 percent of the total population, which increased to 89.9 percent in 2011. <br />
<br />
''Age at Marriage'' Census data do not allow us to calculate mean age at marriage; instead we calculate Singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM), an indirect mean age at first marriage from proportions of never married population. The SMAM for females was only 12.6 years in 1931. During 1931–1974, this mean increased by 3.3 years. Since 1974, the female SMAM increased from 15 years to 19.6 years in 2011. The SMAM clearly shows that the mean age at marriage has consistently increased from its 1931 level to 2011. It is true for both sexes. Over this period, the mean age at marriage for males has gone up by 6.2 years. This is 6.8 years for females.<br />
<br />
''Literacy Rate'' The literacy rate of population aged 7 years and above was 26.8 percent in 1974, which increased to 51.8 percent in 2011. This increase was significantly more pronounced among the males than among the females. Adult literacy rate for population aged 15 years and above in 2011 is 53. In adult literacy, the increase was more pronounced among the females. [M Ataharul Islam]<br />
<br />
'''References''' BBS (2015). Population and Housing Census 2011. National Report, Volume–1; BBS (2018). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2018. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka.<br />
<br />
''See also'' [[Population|population]].<br />
<br />
[[bn:জনশুমারি]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Census&diff=15627Census2026-07-28T04:06:58Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Census''' in modern usage, the term ‘census’ may be defined as the total process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, social and economic data about the population of a defined territory at a specified time or times. It is the unique source of reliable and comprehensive data and may be considered as the largest single data-gathering exercise carried out in a country. The first population census in Bengal was undertaken along with other parts of India-Bangladesh-Pakistan sub-continent under the British rule in 1872. But the attempt failed to achieve its objectives. The primary reason was that the people, suspicious of the population count, did not cooperate with the enumerators. This led to take a second census in 1881. According to demographers, the censuses of the first three decades of the 20th century (i.e. of 1901, 1911, and 1921) were fairly reliable. <br />
<br />
The censuses of 1931 and 1941 lost their credibility due to fabrication of census data due to a number of reasons. Hindus and Muslims, motivated by communal enthusiasm, tended to submit false returns in favor of their respective communities. The census of 1951, the first census for East Pakistan, suffered weaknesses of a different kind. The census of 1961 is regarded as the most reliable count undertaken since 1901. <br />
<br />
Since the census of 1881, the subsequent censuses in the area now constituting Bangladesh had been carried out every ten years in the year ending in ‘1’ until 1961. After independence of Bangladesh, the first census of the country scheduled to be held in 1971 was conducted in 1974 due to the war of liberation. <br />
<br />
The 1981 census was the second census in the free soil of Bangladesh after the War of Liberation in 1971. The third decennial census of Bangladesh was conducted between March 12 and March 15, 1991. The fourth population census was taken during 23 January–27 January, 2001. Following the decennial tradition of conducting the population census, the fifth census was conducted from the 15th to 19th of March 2011. <br />
<br />
''Population Size and Implied Rate of Growth 1901–2011'' In 1901, the population of Bangladesh was about 29 million, which rose to 36 million in 1931, only about 24% increase in 30 years. By the next 30 years, the rise was abrupt; nearly 43%. Within a period of only 20 years (1961–1981), more than 26 million people were added implying an increase of 71% within this short span of time. The population stood at 111.5 million in 1991. The census of 2001 recorded a population of 130.5 million, implying an addition of over 39 million people in 20 years since 1981. In the next 20 years, the population of Bangladesh increased by about 67 percent: from 89.9 million to 149.8 million. Based on the 2001–2011 intercensal growth rate, it is estimated that the population of Bangladesh will be close to 170 million in the next census date in 2021.<br />
<br />
The urban population increased as a percentage of the total population from 2.6% in 1911 to 5.2% in 1961. After the independence of Bangladesh, the urban population was 6.27 million in 1974 which increased to 20.87 million in 1991 and 29.25 million in 2001. The annual growth rate of the urban population was 3.43% during 1991-2001 and 1.29% during 2001–2011 reaching to over 35 million in 2011 since 2001 (BBS, 2015: 36). <br />
<br />
''Population Density'' With a population of 214 persons per square kilometer in 1911 census year, the density stood at 976 persons per square km in 2011. This amounts to about a five-fold increase in the density in 100 years. <br />
<br />
''Sex and Composition'' The sex ratio was 104.5 in 1901, which slowly began to increase till 1951 reaching to 109.7, an increase of about 5 percent in 50 years. It then started to fall rapidly and reached to as low as 100.3 in 2011, suggesting a precipitous fall of about 9 percent in another 60 years. <br />
<br />
''Dependency Ratio'' Dependency ratio is the proportion of dependent population to the working age population. In the census reports, the dependents are those who are under 15 years of age and 60 years and over, while the working group consists of those who are aged 15–59. These ratios calculated from 11 census age distributions undertaken during 1911–2011varied from 88 percent in 1911 to 73 percent in 2011.<br />
<br />
''Religious Composition'' Bangladesh is predominantly an Islamic country where about 90 percent people are Muslims. The remaining 10 percent are believers of other religions. There have been virtually little changes in the religious composition over the last 20 years. For example, in 1991, the Muslim population constituted 87 percent of the total population, which increased to 89.9 percent in 2011. <br />
<br />
''Age at Marriage'' Census data do not allow us to calculate mean age at marriage; instead we calculate Singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM), an indirect mean age at first marriage from proportions of never married population. The SMAM for females was only 12.6 years in 1931. During 1931–1974, this mean increased by 3.3 years. Since 1974, the female SMAM increased from 15 years to 19.6 years in 2011. The SMAM clearly shows that the mean age at marriage has consistently increased from its 1931 level to 2011. It is true for both sexes. Over this period, the mean age at marriage for males has gone up by 6.2 years. This is 6.8 years for females.<br />
<br />
''Literacy Rate'' The literacy rate of population aged 7 years and above was 26.8 percent in 1974, which increased to 51.8 percent in 2011. This increase was significantly more pronounced among the males than among the females. Adult literacy rate for population aged 15 years and above in 2011 is 53. In adult literacy, the increase was more pronounced among the females. [Nurul Islam]<br />
<br />
'''References''' BBS (2015). Population and Housing Census 2011. National Report, Volume–1; BBS (2018). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2018. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka.<br />
<br />
''See also'' [[Population|population]].<br />
<br />
[[bn:জনশুমারি]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fyzennessa,_Nurun_Nahar&diff=15626Fyzennessa, Nurun Nahar2026-07-25T07:05:48Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Fyzennessa, Nurun Nahar''' (1932-2004) born on 2 May 1932, in Chakda, Nadia District (West Bengal), was a trailblazing figure in the fields of education, women's rights, and social activism. She is the daughter of Khan Shahib Qazi Mohammad Sadrul Ola, of Dargahi family of Panchnoor. He was Deputy Secretary, parliamentary affairs (an influential government official) a graduate from Presidency College and Begum Ratubunnesa, from a prominent family in Murshidabad. Qazi Mohammad Sadrul Ola's ancestor, Mirza Sheikh I'teshamuddin a highly enlightened man, was the first educated Indian to travel to England and France as emissary of the Mogul King Shah Alam, as encapsulated in his memoirs ‘Vilayetnama’.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FaizannesaNurunNahar.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|Nurun Nahar Fyzennessa]]<br />
Encouraged by her family’s progressive outlook, Fyzennessa's formative years were marked by a passion for cultural activities and sports, pursuits she would continue throughout her life. Her academic journey began at Sakhawat Memorial Girls' High School in Calcutta, followed by Victoria Institution, where she completed her matriculation in 1946. After the Partition of India, her family moved to Chittagong, where she completed her Intermediate studies in 1948 and graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Chittagong Government College in 1950. In the same year, she was married to Syed Moqsud Ali, a young lecturer of Political Science at Dhaka University. Fyzennessa completed her Master's in Political Science from Dhaka University in 1952 and later pursued a Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree in 1959. Her academic aspirations took her abroad, and in 1968, she earned a PhD degree in Primary Education from Colorado State University.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa’s career as an educator and advocate was marked by numerous pioneering achievements, many of which established her as a leading figure in Bangladesh’s social and academic spheres. She began her teaching career in 1953 at Siddheswari Girls' School and later taught at Viqarunnisa Noon School. In 1959, she joined the Dhaka Teachers' Training College as a lecturer and was appointed as a faculty member at the Institute of Education and Research (IER) at Dhaka University in 1965. One of her most notable contributions was her role as the founding Principal of the Dhaka University Laboratory School in 1966, an initiative that set new standards for educational practices in Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Her commitment to education extended beyond the classroom. Fyzennessa was a vocal advocate for women's rights and social justice, positions that often put her at odds with the status quo. As Provost of Rokeya Hall at Dhaka University from 1981 to 1990, she made history as the first woman to hold this role for two consecutive terms. Known for her dedication to her students, she took on a maternal role, ensuring their welfare while maintaining a strict discipline. Her efforts earned her the admiration of generations of students, many of whom remember her as a guiding force in their lives.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa’s pioneering role in women's rights also extended to her political engagement. In 1985-86, she became the first woman elected to the Dhaka University Syndicate, the university’s highest decision-making body. She was also elected to the Senate of Dhaka University in 1977 and later served on the Board of Governors of the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre in 1986. Fyzennessa's efforts to elevate the status of women in academia and politics were groundbreaking, making her a significant figure in the feminist movement in Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa was deeply involved in social welfare and cultural enrichment. She was one of the founders of the Azimpur Ladies Club in the 1950s, which led to the creation of Agrani Balika Biddyalaya (School). In 1986, she established Chhaya Neer, a daycare center for the children of Dhaka University faculty, providing much-needed support for working parents. She also played a key role in establishing a cooperative shop at Dhaka University and was instrumental in erecting a memorial at Rokeya Hall and another one at a place adjacent to the Vice Chancellor's residence in honour of the martyrs of the Bangladesh Liberation War.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa's commitment to women's empowerment was central to her life’s work. She was a founding member of the Begum Rokeya Foundation, which continues to provide scholarships to deserving students. Her tireless efforts to advance the cause of women's studies at Dhaka University led to the establishment of the Department of Women’s Studies, which remains one of her most lasting legacies in the academic world. She was also an active member of the Mahila Parishad, where she served as president of its Mahanagar unit, and a key figure in the women's research organization ‘Women for Women’.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa's contributions to the academic and social spheres were also reflected in her published works, which include Hater ''Lekha Sikshan Paddhati, Ekattorer Prachchhanna Prachchhad, Kaler Samukh Bhela'' (editor), and ''Children’s World of Effective Behaviour: Social and Political and Rokeyar Manosh Konnya'' comprising articles by 35 alumni of Rokeya Sakhawat Memorial School. These publications highlight her dedication to education, child development, and the empowerment of women. Her untiring work and visionary leadership left a profound impact on both the educational landscape and the social fabric of Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Soon after the partition of 1947 the first Radio station was centred at Nazimuddin road at old Dhaka which was then the city centre. Radio played a vital role then. Dr. Fyzennessa, joined the drama circle and played the lead roles for radio plays in Bangla and English. <br />
<br />
Soon Dr. Fyzennesssa took on the role of nurturing young talents and conducted ‘Khelaghar’ an immensely popular radio programme way back in the mid-sixties. Children from all around this city, gathered to perform live. As a media petsonality Dr. Fyzennessa much later would conduct the Mohila Mahfil (womens' programme) and the Shikhharthider Ashor (Students programme).<br />
<br />
In 2019 she was awarded the prestigious Rokeya Padak (posthumous) for her contribution to women's emancipation and education.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa left behind her two sons, Emeritus Professor Syed Saad Andaleeb, and Zia Sayeed Arastu (Founder Konnekt Hub Ltd.) and two daughters Sadya Afreen Mallick (noted Nazrul’s songs singer, founder Gems of Nazrul and journalist) and Nazia Jabeen (Founder Sporsho Foundation and Children's Author).<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa passed away on 31 March 2004, but her legacy endures through the institutions she founded, the countless individuals she mentored, and the enduring changes she instigated in the fields of education and women's rights. Her life stands as a testament to the power of determination, the importance of education, and the need for social justice. Fyzennessa's contributions continue to inspire new generations, solidifying her place as one of Bangladesh's most pioneering and respected figures. [Sadya Afreen Mallick]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
<br />
[[bn: ফয়জননেসা, নুরুননাহার]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fyzennessa,_Nurun_Nahar&diff=15625Fyzennessa, Nurun Nahar2026-07-25T07:05:33Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Fyzennessa, Nurun Nahar''' (1932-2004) born on 2 May 1932, in Chakda, Nadia District (West Bengal), was a trailblazing figure in the fields of education, women's rights, and social activism. She is the daughter of Khan Shahib Qazi Mohammad Sadrul Ola, of Dargahi family of Panchnoor. He was Deputy Secretary, parliamentary affairs (an influential government official) a graduate from Presidency College and Begum Ratubunnesa, from a prominent family in Murshidabad. Qazi Mohammad Sadrul Ola's ancestor, Mirza Sheikh I'teshamuddin a highly enlightened man, was the first educated Indian to travel to England and France as emissary of the Mogul King Shah Alam, as encapsulated in his memoirs ‘Vilayetnama’.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FaizannesaNurunNahar.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|Nurun Nahar Fyzennessa]]<br />
Encouraged by her family’s progressive outlook, Fyzennessa's formative years were marked by a passion for cultural activities and sports, pursuits she would continue throughout her life. Her academic journey began at Sakhawat Memorial Girls' High School in Calcutta, followed by Victoria Institution, where she completed her matriculation in 1946. After the Partition of India, her family moved to Chittagong, where she completed her Intermediate studies in 1948 and graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Chittagong Government College in 1950. In the same year, she was married to Syed Moqsud Ali, a young lecturer of Political Science at Dhaka University. Fyzennessa completed her Master's in Political Science from Dhaka University in 1952 and later pursued a Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree in 1959. Her academic aspirations took her abroad, and in 1968, she earned a PhD degree in Primary Education from Colorado State University.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa’s career as an educator and advocate was marked by numerous pioneering achievements, many of which established her as a leading figure in Bangladesh’s social and academic spheres. She began her teaching career in 1953 at Siddheswari Girls' School and later taught at Viqarunnisa Noon School. In 1959, she joined the Dhaka Teachers' Training College as a lecturer and was appointed as a faculty member at the Institute of Education and Research (IER) at Dhaka University in 1965. One of her most notable contributions was her role as the founding Principal of the Dhaka University Laboratory School in 1966, an initiative that set new standards for educational practices in Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Her commitment to education extended beyond the classroom. Fyzennessa was a vocal advocate for women's rights and social justice, positions that often put her at odds with the status quo. As Provost of Rokeya Hall at Dhaka University from 1981 to 1990, she made history as the first woman to hold this role for two consecutive terms. Known for her dedication to her students, she took on a maternal role, ensuring their welfare while maintaining a strict discipline. Her efforts earned her the admiration of generations of students, many of whom remember her as a guiding force in their lives.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa’s pioneering role in women's rights also extended to her political engagement. In 1985-86, she became the first woman elected to the Dhaka University Syndicate, the university’s highest decision-making body. She was also elected to the Senate of Dhaka University in 1977 and later served on the Board of Governors of the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre in 1986. Fyzennessa's efforts to elevate the status of women in academia and politics were groundbreaking, making her a significant figure in the feminist movement in Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa was deeply involved in social welfare and cultural enrichment. She was one of the founders of the Azimpur Ladies Club in the 1950s, which led to the creation of Agrani Balika Biddyalaya (School). In 1986, she established Chhaya Neer, a daycare center for the children of Dhaka University faculty, providing much-needed support for working parents. She also played a key role in establishing a cooperative shop at Dhaka University and was instrumental in erecting a memorial at Rokeya Hall and another one at a place adjacent to the Vice Chancellor's residence in honour of the martyrs of the Bangladesh Liberation War.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa's commitment to women's empowerment was central to her life’s work. She was a founding member of the Begum Rokeya Foundation, which continues to provide scholarships to deserving students. Her tireless efforts to advance the cause of women's studies at Dhaka University led to the establishment of the Department of Women’s Studies, which remains one of her most lasting legacies in the academic world. She was also an active member of the Mahila Parishad, where she served as president of its Mahanagar unit, and a key figure in the women's research organization ‘Women for Women’.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa's contributions to the academic and social spheres were also reflected in her published works, which include Hater ''Lekha Sikshan Paddhati, Ekattorer Prachchhanna Prachchhad, Kaler Samukh Bhela'' (editor), and ''Children’s World of Effective Behaviour: Social and Political and Rokeyar Manosh Konnya'' comprising articles by 35 alumni of Rokeya Sakhawat Memorial School. These publications highlight her dedication to education, child development, and the empowerment of women. Her untiring work and visionary leadership left a profound impact on both the educational landscape and the social fabric of Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Soon after the partition of 1947 the first Radio station was centred at Nazimuddin road at old Dhaka which was then the city centre. Radio played a vital role then. Dr. Fyzennessa, joined the drama circle and played the lead roles for radio plays in Bangla and English. <br />
<br />
Soon Dr. Fyzennesssa took on the role of nurturing young talents and conducted ‘Khelaghar’ an immensely popular radio programme way back in the mid-sixties. Children from all around this city, gathered to perform live. As a media petsonality Dr. Fyzennessa much later would conduct the Mohila Mahfil (womens' programme) and the Shikhharthider Ashor (Students programme).<br />
<br />
In 2019 she was awarded the prestigious Rokeya Padak (posthumous) for her contribution to women's emancipation and education.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa left behind her two sons, Emeritus Professor Syed Saad Andaleeb, and Zia Sayeed Arastu (Founder Konnekt Hub Ltd.) and two daughters Sadya Afreen Mallick (noted Nazrul’s songs singer, founder Gems of Nazrul and journalist) and Nazia Jabeen (Founder Sporsho Foundation and Children's Author).<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa passed away on 31 March 2004, but her legacy endures through the institutions she founded, the countless individuals she mentored, and the enduring changes she instigated in the fields of education and women's rights. Her life stands as a testament to the power of determination, the importance of education, and the need for social justice. Fyzennessa's contributions continue to inspire new generations, solidifying her place as one of Bangladesh's most pioneering and respected figures. [Sadya Afreen Mallick]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
<br />
[bn: ফয়জননেসা, নুরুননাহার]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fyzennessa,_Nurun_Nahar&diff=15624Fyzennessa, Nurun Nahar2026-07-25T07:05:16Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Fyzennessa, Nurun Nahar''' (1932-2004) born on 2 May 1932, in Chakda, Nadia District (West Bengal), was a trailblazing figure in the fields of education, women's rights, and social activism. She is the daughter of Khan Shahib Qazi Mohammad Sadrul Ola, of Dargahi family of Panchnoor. He was Deputy Secretary, parliamentary affairs (an influential government official) a graduate from Presidency College and Begum Ratubunnesa, from a prominent family in Murshidabad. Qazi Mohammad Sadrul Ola's ancestor, Mirza Sheikh I'teshamuddin a highly enlightened man, was the first educated Indian to travel to England and France as emissary of the Mogul King Shah Alam, as encapsulated in his memoirs ‘Vilayetnama’.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FaizannesaNurunNahar.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|Nurun Nahar Fyzennessa]]<br />
Encouraged by her family’s progressive outlook, Fyzennessa's formative years were marked by a passion for cultural activities and sports, pursuits she would continue throughout her life. Her academic journey began at Sakhawat Memorial Girls' High School in Calcutta, followed by Victoria Institution, where she completed her matriculation in 1946. After the Partition of India, her family moved to Chittagong, where she completed her Intermediate studies in 1948 and graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Chittagong Government College in 1950. In the same year, she was married to Syed Moqsud Ali, a young lecturer of Political Science at Dhaka University. Fyzennessa completed her Master's in Political Science from Dhaka University in 1952 and later pursued a Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree in 1959. Her academic aspirations took her abroad, and in 1968, she earned a PhD degree in Primary Education from Colorado State University.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa’s career as an educator and advocate was marked by numerous pioneering achievements, many of which established her as a leading figure in Bangladesh’s social and academic spheres. She began her teaching career in 1953 at Siddheswari Girls' School and later taught at Viqarunnisa Noon School. In 1959, she joined the Dhaka Teachers' Training College as a lecturer and was appointed as a faculty member at the Institute of Education and Research (IER) at Dhaka University in 1965. One of her most notable contributions was her role as the founding Principal of the Dhaka University Laboratory School in 1966, an initiative that set new standards for educational practices in Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Her commitment to education extended beyond the classroom. Fyzennessa was a vocal advocate for women's rights and social justice, positions that often put her at odds with the status quo. As Provost of Rokeya Hall at Dhaka University from 1981 to 1990, she made history as the first woman to hold this role for two consecutive terms. Known for her dedication to her students, she took on a maternal role, ensuring their welfare while maintaining a strict discipline. Her efforts earned her the admiration of generations of students, many of whom remember her as a guiding force in their lives.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa’s pioneering role in women's rights also extended to her political engagement. In 1985-86, she became the first woman elected to the Dhaka University Syndicate, the university’s highest decision-making body. She was also elected to the Senate of Dhaka University in 1977 and later served on the Board of Governors of the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre in 1986. Fyzennessa's efforts to elevate the status of women in academia and politics were groundbreaking, making her a significant figure in the feminist movement in Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa was deeply involved in social welfare and cultural enrichment. She was one of the founders of the Azimpur Ladies Club in the 1950s, which led to the creation of Agrani Balika Biddyalaya (School). In 1986, she established Chhaya Neer, a daycare center for the children of Dhaka University faculty, providing much-needed support for working parents. She also played a key role in establishing a cooperative shop at Dhaka University and was instrumental in erecting a memorial at Rokeya Hall and another one at a place adjacent to the Vice Chancellor's residence in honour of the martyrs of the Bangladesh Liberation War.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa's commitment to women's empowerment was central to her life’s work. She was a founding member of the Begum Rokeya Foundation, which continues to provide scholarships to deserving students. Her tireless efforts to advance the cause of women's studies at Dhaka University led to the establishment of the Department of Women’s Studies, which remains one of her most lasting legacies in the academic world. She was also an active member of the Mahila Parishad, where she served as president of its Mahanagar unit, and a key figure in the women's research organization ‘Women for Women’.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa's contributions to the academic and social spheres were also reflected in her published works, which include Hater ''Lekha Sikshan Paddhati, Ekattorer Prachchhanna Prachchhad, Kaler Samukh Bhela'' (editor), and ''Children’s World of Effective Behaviour: Social and Political and Rokeyar Manosh Konnya'' comprising articles by 35 alumni of Rokeya Sakhawat Memorial School. These publications highlight her dedication to education, child development, and the empowerment of women. Her untiring work and visionary leadership left a profound impact on both the educational landscape and the social fabric of Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
Soon after the partition of 1947 the first Radio station was centred at Nazimuddin road at old Dhaka which was then the city centre. Radio played a vital role then. Dr. Fyzennessa, joined the drama circle and played the lead roles for radio plays in Bangla and English. <br />
<br />
Soon Dr. Fyzennesssa took on the role of nurturing young talents and conducted ‘Khelaghar’ an immensely popular radio programme way back in the mid-sixties. Children from all around this city, gathered to perform live. As a media petsonality Dr. Fyzennessa much later would conduct the Mohila Mahfil (womens' programme) and the Shikhharthider Ashor (Students programme).<br />
<br />
In 2019 she was awarded the prestigious Rokeya Padak (posthumous) for her contribution to women's emancipation and education.<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa left behind her two sons, Emeritus Professor Syed Saad Andaleeb, and Zia Sayeed Arastu (Founder Konnekt Hub Ltd.) and two daughters Sadya Afreen Mallick (noted Nazrul’s songs singer, founder Gems of Nazrul and journalist) and Nazia Jabeen (Founder Sporsho Foundation and Children's Author).<br />
<br />
Fyzennessa passed away on 31 March 2004, but her legacy endures through the institutions she founded, the countless individuals she mentored, and the enduring changes she instigated in the fields of education and women's rights. Her life stands as a testament to the power of determination, the importance of education, and the need for social justice. Fyzennessa's contributions continue to inspire new generations, solidifying her place as one of Bangladesh's most pioneering and respected figures. [Sadya Afreen Mallick]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
[bn: ফয়জননেসা, নুরুননাহার]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dolls&diff=15623Dolls2026-07-22T06:27:11Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Dolls''' are not just playthings but also sacred objects and fertility symbols. Dolls may be made of various material: clay, wood, shola (spongewood), cloth, cane, pulp, leaves, [[Jute|jute]] etc.<br />
<br />
A figurine of a dancing girl was discovered at Mohevjodaro. Excavations elsewhere have unearthed clay dolls, very similar to the mother goddess figures that village women form even today with a soft lump of clay. Dolls have also been unearthed at [[Savar|savar]], [[Mainamati|mainamati]], [[Mahasthan|mahasthan]] and [[Dinajpur District|dinajpur]] in Bangladesh. Apart from human figures, animal and bird forms have also been discovered at these sites.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dolls1.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right|Mother and child]]<br />
Clay dolls perhaps emerged from the potter's work of making images of gods and goddesses. These may be shaped by hand or made in moulds. It is easier and quicker to mould dolls. Ornamentation and costumes are drawn by means of pointed sticks. Handmade dolls are not painted, but dried in the sun and fired in kilns.<br />
<br />
Moulds for making dolls are generally handed down, though new designs of moulds are also made. Dolls made in moulds are painted in various colours after they are fired. Common colours are white, blue, yellow, green, and black. [[Mymensingh District|mymensingh]] is famous for doll-making as are savar, [[Dhamrai Upazila|dhamrai]] and Rayerbazar.<br />
<br />
Wooden dolls are also traditional and are usually made from kadam, amda, shyaoda, and shimul. Artisans shape the wood into triangular and semi-circular pieces to make the figures of women. The bodies of the dolls are painted as well as their dresses and ornaments. Colours commonly used are yellow, red, green and black. These female dolls are called 'mummy dolls' since they look like Egyptian mummies.<br />
<br />
[[Image:DollAmanulHuq.jpg|thumbnail|300px|left|Dolls made of cloth]]<br />
Kandipara village in [[Brahmanbaria District|brahmanbaria]] used to be famous for its puppets and puppet-shows. Formerly, the artisans were Hindu, but Muslims have also started making puppets. Puppets are commonly made of clay and wood. The faces of the puppets are painted. They are given hair made of jute or artificial synthetic fibres. They are then dressed in colourful garments. <br />
<br />
Shola dolls are made in the [[Faridpur District|faridpur]] and [[Rajshahi District|rajshahi]] regions, and at Shankhari Bazar in [[Dhaka|dhaka]]. The craftsmen cut shola into pieces and make different types of dolls by pasting the cut strips together. Normally, such dolls are sold at village fairs.<br />
<br />
The cloth dolls of today differ from the rag dolls of the past. These are sophisticated dolls, mainly influenced by the Japanese doll, and are made as decoration pieces rather than as children’s playthings. BSCIC offers training in doll making. Authentic in features and costumes, these dolls display the rich variety of Bangladeshi costumes and occupations. Common dolls of this type include brides and bridegrooms, gypsies, [[Manipuri, The|manipuri]] dancers, etc.<br />
<br />
Small angel dolls made of jute have become popular, primarily as Christmas trees ornaments. Moulded dolls are also made of papier mache or china clay. Metal dolls and images of different gods and goddesses are also made at Lalbagh in Dhaka, Dhamrai, and Savar. Although Hindus were traditionally engaged in this handicraft, recently Muslims have also joined the trade. [Zinat Mahrukh Banu] <br />
<br />
[[Category:Art]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:পুতুল]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brickfield&diff=15622Brickfield2026-07-22T05:30:18Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Brickfield''' a manufacturing unit to manufacture bricks from mudsoil or clay. Dependence on mud bricks as construction material in Bangladesh is common since the country is covered with alluvial soil and stone materials are being scarce. That bricks had been used for construction since ancient time is borne by the fact that structures in the fourth century BC township of [[pundravardhana]] at [[mahasthan]] were built with bricks. <br />
<br />
[[Image:BrickField.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Brickfield]]<br />
There are about 6,000 brick manufacturers in Bangladesh. Many of them do not have proper license and [[Local Government|local government]] authorities do not have necessary resources and support to police the regulations or to keep track of the fields. <br />
<br />
Brick production in the country is estimated at about 18 billion pieces a year. The brickfields are typically small independent units. Most operate only during the dry season. The fields are located near towns or major construction sites. The same locations are used repeatedly over years. Some has permanent shed and well-organised input support system. <br />
<br />
Such fields with relatively large investment and modern equipment including automated plant produce better quality bricks. The clay used for brick production is usually mined near the brickfields. But at times suitable clay is transported from distant locations. <br />
<br />
Except in automated plants, brick blocks are molded manually and piled close to the firing ovens so that they can be dried. Drying takes 5 to 12 days, after which the blocks are put into kilns for firing. Blocks in kilns are covered with brick dust for insulation. In fields, which are not automated and do not have gas connections, the firing starts with [[wood]] and later continues with coal. The coal is imported mainly from India because it is cheaper. Substitutes of coal in some cases include wood dust, furnace oil and even rejected tyres. [[Natural Gas|natural gas]] is used in only about 200 brickfields that are close to gas distribution networks around [[Dhaka District|dhaka]], [[Brahmanbaria District|brahmanbaria]] and [[Chittagong District|chittagong]]. <br />
<br />
Using firewood in brickfields is banned legally, but actually the practice still continues on a fairly large scale. Brickfields classify construction bricks into three grades depending upon quality of raw materials used, evenness of firing and damages like cracks or breaks. Grade I is suitable for construction of buildings, roads and bridges, grade II for structures requiring relatively less compressive strength, and grade III for temporary structures. Automated brickfields produce mainly grade I bricks and also ceramic and refractory bricks used in construction of decorated buildings, boilers and some specialised industrial establishments. Brickfields have been blamed for increasing [[Air Pollution|air pollution]], especially during the dry season. The pollution is caused by poor quality of fuel and improper design of chimneys. Ash, dust and sulfur dioxide gas pollute the areas surrounding brickfields and acid rain syndrome has become a regular phenomenon in such areas. Brickfields also cause crop loss, corrosion of metallic content of soil and loss of soil fertility. Burning in kiln makes the land unusable for cultivation for several years. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[bn:ইটখোলা]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cement_Industry&diff=15621Cement Industry2026-07-22T05:29:32Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Cement Industry''' relatively a fast growing industry, is developing in pace with increasing building and construction activities. Cement has long been used as a bonding agent to unite particles or to cause one surface to adhere to another. The most common form of cement, Portland cement, is a powder obtained from burning together a mixture of crushed limestone and clay and obtained clinker, which then grinded and added with 5% gypsum or fly ash. The cement when mixed with water and sand or gravel, turns into mortar or concrete. Now (2010) the amount of cement annually consumed in the country is about 15 million tonne, which is internally produced. Cement consumption rose almost three times higher in last ten years. The demand forecast for cement suggest expansion at a rate of 8% percent as the major construction projects like Padma multipurpose bridge, elevated expressway and other road and building projects are under implementation plans in the near future. Real Estate companies and individuals are important consumers of cement and during insignificant government project financing they remain the main consumers in the country. Bangladesh has become a surplus cement producing country and now exports part of its produced cement to neighboring eastern Indian states and to Myanmar. Per capita cement consumption in 1999 in the country was only 22 kg per year which reached over 65 kg in 2009. Still the per capita cement consumption in Bangladesh is fairly low compared to India (150 kg), Myanmar (73 kg), Indonesia (127 kg), Malaysia (529 kg) and Thailand (425 kg).<br />
<br />
Historically, Bangladesh did not depend much on cement. It also did not have enough natural resources for manufacturing it. The base materials traditionally used in house building and other construction required little use of cement. Gradual substitution of traditional building structures or pattern by modern high-rise ones has pushed up the use of cement. But as the economy continued to remain agro based, construction sectors had not been able to gain momentum and as the infrastructure development was selective, cement remained a product of low demand. A faster growth in demand for cement has been observed only since mid 1980s, specially with implementation of large infrastructure projects, increased pace of urbanization, construction of apartment buildings and multistoried shopping complexes in urban areas, and in the moneyed rural people for modern houses.<br />
<br />
Private local enterprises dominate the current cement production (60%) of the country while multinational cement manufacturing companies like Lafarge Mollins, Cemex, Holcim, Heidelberg account for 40% market share. Clinker is mainly imported from China, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and India and used as raw material for cement manufacturing by the companies in Bangladesh. Among the local cement manufacturing companies Shah Cement, Akij Cement, Fresh, Crown, Seven Circle, Aramit, Royal etc. are the major ones. The manufacturing of cement is based on both locally available raw materials and imported clinker. The mills that produce cement from imported clinker are located mainly around Dhaka, Chittagong and Mongla. There are 74 cement companies registered with the relevant government agencies but around 30 companies are in operation in 2010. These mills produced 21 million tonnes cement per annum. A 50-kg bag of cement sells at Tk. 380-430. Some small manufacturing plants in northern and southern parts of the country had already been shut down in the last few years, as those lost out their competitiveness to big market players. Local raw material based cement production depends on limestone deposits that lie in St. Martins Island, Joupurhat and Sylhet areas. The deposit in Sylhet supported the production of cement in the Chattak and Ayeenpur cement factories in the 1960-1990s. These plants shut their operation due to their supply shortages of limestone and also due to their inability to stand with their market competitors. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[bn:সিমেন্ট শিল্প]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Compressed_Natural_Gas&diff=15620Compressed Natural Gas2026-07-22T05:28:55Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Compressed Natural Gas''' (CNG) a popular form of high pressured [[Natural Gas|natural gas]], used as fuel for vehicles. In view of the present day extent of [[Air Pollution|air pollution]] in the major cities of Bangladesh, CNG is considered as an ideal environment-friendly fuel, causing minimum pollution and Greenhouse effect compared to other conventional vehicular fuels. CNG is produced by pressing natural gas at 3,000 psi pressure (conventional cooking gas is supplied at 25 psi pressure at the burner). Natural gas is usually transmitted by pipelines to refuelling stations and compressed at a pressure of 3,000 psi with the help of specially installed compressors to enable it to be loaded as gas cylinders for vehicles. Vehicles that are equipped with appropriate fuel conversion kits and tanks (gas cylinder) can comfortably run on CNG.<br />
<br />
A CNG conversion plant was conceived in Bangladesh in the backdrop of concern about serious emission problems and their effect on the [[environment]]. Much of the deathly haze that hangs over the cities comes from suspended particulate matter and noxious gases. Motorised vehicles are mainly responsible for this problem. Diesel run vehicles contribute a significant part of all vehicular pollution. The conversion plant for CNG has thus created the opportunity to use natural gas as fuel for different types of vehicles in Dhaka City.<br />
<br />
Till now, five CNG conversion, filling and marketing stations have been operating in different points of Dhaka City - Joarshahara, Mohakhali, Motijheel, Asad Gate and Kalyanpur under the management of Rupantarita Prakritic Gas Company Ltd (RPGCL), a subsidiary of [[petrobangla]]. Under a CNG Pilot Project, 16 petrol and 13 diesel run vehicles were converted into CNG at the Project';s Joarshahara Refuelling Station cum Workshop and were successfully operated in Dhaka City. Later, in 1994-1995 four additional refuelling stations were established in Dhaka. In the same financial year, 750 petrol, 250 diesel kits, and 2,000 CNG cylinders for converting vehicles were imported. In the following year the company imported 1,000 additional petrol kits. But all these stations have failed to provide satisfactory services to customers for various reasons. Indeed, RPGCL can no longer meet the demand for CNG supply and conversion of vehicles. Only 1,200 vehicles have so far been converted to CNG. In 1996-97, one K-type diesel ferry owned by Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation (BIWTC) was converted by RPGCL to CNG. A CNG refuelling station is in the process of being set up at Aricha ferry terminal. The government has decided to establish 6 more CNG refuelling stations in Dhaka City, import 1,000 petrol kits and 1,000 cylinders, and modernise the Joarshahara workshop. Also, 10 autorickshaws have been targeted for conversion into CNG. Company engineers have already converted three wheeler 'Mishuk'; [Mishuk] and autorickshaw to CNG at its own workshop.<br />
<br />
In July 2000, RPGCL signed an agreement with Tanjin Machinery Import and Export Company (TMIEC) of China to form a joint venture company namely Compressed Natural Gas Distribution Company (CDC), in order to install 51 CNG filling stations in the country. RPGCL will have 25% share of CDC and TMIEC will have the rest.<br />
<br />
Encouragingly, the demand for conversion facilities is increasing. Given the limitations of existing CNG conversion capacity and refuelling stations, the government has decided to allow private operators in this sector. At the initial stage, four private operators - Natural Gas Resources Ltd, East Coast Group Ltd, Texas Gas Company Ltd and Prem International - were permitted to develop CNG conversion, filling, and marketing facilities under certain conditions. One such condition is that within the next five years private operators will have to develop five CNG filling and marketing stations, each with adequate workshop facilities for conversion of vehicles. These private operators hope to cover the whole of Bangladesh in phases wherever piped gas facilities are available to operate CNG refuelling stations. Private operators have been asked to maintain New Zealand/European standards in operating filling stations and installing conversion kits and cylinders. The gas tariff for production and selling of CNG will be fixed by the government from time to time.<br />
<br />
The cost of installation of one refuelling station for CNG is considered around Taka 11 million. Conversion of a vehicle costs approximately Taka 22,000 to 30,000, depending on the fuel tank size. If CNG pressure at the refuelling dispensers point is available as per the required level, approximately Tk 80 worth of CNG (at a rate of Tk 7.35/cu m) will be enough for a sedan car to run 100 km (for octane users, the same car will run for a maximum of 30 km at the same cost at the prevailing fuel rate) in Dhaka. One of the major constraints of CNG vehicles, however, is its comparatively lower energy density. There is loss of power, especially in heavy-duty vehicles. CNG buses have a limited range (depending on the number of CNG cylinders and their storage capacity installed) and require frequent refuelling. The typical diesel buses run 350 km a day, but the CNG charge lasts only 250 km. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[Category:natural sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:সংকুচিত প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Production_Sharing_Contract&diff=15619Production Sharing Contract2026-07-22T05:28:05Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Production Sharing Contract''' (PSC) a special agreement between the government of Bangladesh and foreign contractors signed mainly for petroleum exploration and development in the country. Under the Bangladesh Petroleum Act 1974, the government owns all mineral resources including petroleum within the territory, continental shelf and economic zone of the country and has the exclusive right and authority to explore, develop, exploit, process, refine and market petroleum resources. The government has also the exclusive right under the act to enter into [[Petroleum Products|petroleum]] agreements with any person for the purpose of any petroleum operations. On behalf of the government, the petrobangla exercises the rights and powers to explore, develop, process and market petroleum and also to enter into petroleum agreements with any person/company for these purposes. <br />
<br />
In 1973, following a comprehensive policy review, the government started setting up a new legal framework to encourage rapid exploration and development of natural gas and oil and to safeguard the national interest. The government also took initiative for development of national capacity in the oil and gas sector with assistance by international companies. The idea came from the experience of significant success achieved under production sharing contracts (PSC) of Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt, China, India and some other countries with international oil companies.<br />
<br />
In 1974, the government of Bangladesh invited bids from international oil companies for exploration and development of petroleum in the territory of the country under established criteria and ground rules. The bids submitted were evaluated on a 40-points grading, ten points for each of the four criteria including financial capability, technical capacity, experience, and work programme. A selected number of qualified companies were invited to negotiate on the basis of the model PSC and finally, seven contracts were concluded for offshore exploration and development. The companies with which the PSC was signed were Atlantic Richfield, Union Oil of California (later renamed as UNOCAL) and Ashland of the USA, Superior Oil Company of Canada, Deminex and Ina-Napthaline of Europe, and a Japanese company. UNOCAL discovered an offshore gas reservoir at Kutubdia but under some economic considerations, the company did not start its exploitation.<br />
<br />
The foreign companies soon started loosing interest in PSC since they found Bangladesh to have large reserve of gas and not of petroleum. In 1981, Shell Oil signed a PSC for onshore areas. In the mean time Petrobangla developed significant capability for exploration and development of oil and gas resources and in 1989, established the Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company (BAPEX) for exploration of petroleum in the country. Petrobangla made the first discovery of oil in the Bangladesh territory in 1986 at Haripur, Sylhet. There were different offers from reputed international oil companies for development of the oil field and one of them was Scimitar, a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands in June 1987 with an authorised capital of only $50,000. The technical experts of Petrobangla suggested not to award the contract to Scimitar but the suggestion was ignored and in December 1987, the government signed a PSC with the company. Scimitar was not able to start work by the stipulated dates. It repeatedly sought extensions, which were granted and meanwhile, it explored the whole world to raise necessary funds.<br />
<br />
The international scenario for gas development underwent major changes since the end of the nineteen eighties. A review of the policy and legal framework carried out under the World Bank's Petroleum Exploration Promotion Programme in 1987 pointed out that there were bright prospects for gas exploration. A new model PSC was formulated in 1988 to encourage exploration for gas and to ensure that the price for gas would have parity with the market price for fuel oil. It was further revised in 1993 commensurate with government policy changes and new incentives to the investors for petroleum exploration. Some more changes in the model PSC were made in 1997.<br />
<br />
Bangladesh signed a PSC in May 1994 with Cairn Energy and Holland Sea Search, a British-Dutch joint venture for exploration of oil and gas in block 16. The joint venture signed another PSC for block 15 in June next year. These two blocks cover partly Chittagong onshore and adjacent offshore areas. In January 1997, Hallibarton Energy of United States joined the Cairn-Holland Sea Search in the Sangu gas field portion of Block 16. Shell Oil purchased Cairn';s PSC rights in these two blocks in mid-1999. In 1995, Occidental signed PSCs for blocks 12, 13 and 14 in the Sylhet area (Surma basin) but transferred its PSC rights to UNOCAL in 1999. A low profile US joint venture Rexwood-Oakland signed PSC in January 1997 with Petrobangla for blocks 17 and 18 located in Cox';s Bazar-Teknaf region with 80% offshore exploration areas. Rexwood later merged with Oakland. The United Meridian Corporation (UMC) was another small US oil company that signed PSC in late 1996 for oil and gas exploration and development in block 22 in the Chittagong Hill Tracts area. Later, the UMC transferred its rights to a US company Ocean Energy. Subsequently the block 17 and 18 were relinquished as no commercial prospects were identified.<br />
<br />
The PSCs resulted in new discoveries of gas fields in the Surma basin by Occidental-Unocal (Bibiana and Maulavibazaar) and at Sangu (offshore). They also generated new gas production and supply of over 200 million cubic feet of gas per day to national gas grid. The additions accounted for one fifth of the country';s daily consumption. By 1997, both Cairn and Occidental signed gas purchase and sales agreement with Petrobangla for the sale and delivery of the gas into the national gas distribution systems operated by Petrobangla. Enthusiasm of both government and private investors in the gas sector was so great between 1996 and 1997 that during the period, Bangladesh attracted attention of top international investors in petroleum sector. In this backdrop the government following exploration promotion meetings in London and Huston in February-March 1997, issued a worldwide invitation to bidders in April 1997 (Second round gas bidding). International oil companies were invited to submit bids by 15 July 1997 on the basis of the model PSC updated in 1997 for remaining 15 blocks.<br />
<br />
The number of companies showing interest in response to the invitation for bids was 23, some of which were less known and perhaps appeared in the exploration scene for the first time. Companies like Tallow Oil Plc, Hondo Oil and Gas, South Asia Oil and Gas, Nico Resources, Triton and Pangea, Maersk Oil were the new entries. Texaco, Shell, Mobil, Chevron, Unocal and Enron are known names in the international petroleum exploration business. Available information indicates that there was no bid for blocks 1, 2 and 23. Of the remaining 12 blocks, number 9 attracted the largest number of bidders, followed by block 10, 11, 6, 5 and 7 (onshore) and there were more than two bids for each of the offshore blocks 19, 20 and 21. No block was kept reserved for the national company [[BAPEX|bapex]]. Negotiations were in process in 2001 for blocks 5 and 10 (with Shell Oil and Cairn), block 8 (with Pangea) and for blocks 19, 20 (with Maersk Oil) and two PSC were concluded, one with Unocal for block 7 and the other with Chevron-Texaco-Tullow for block 9. In this second round bidding, however, 10% percent of shares by the name of carried over interests for BAPEX were considered. Second round block bidding resulted the signing of PSC for block 9 with Tallow Bangladesh Ltd as its operator. For this PSC Tallow has 30% share, 60% share belongs to Nico Resources and 10% carried interest enjoyed by BAPEX. Bhangura gas field discovered within this block which currently produces 100 million cubic feet of gas daily.<br />
<br />
PSC signed with Occidental in the first round of block bidding for blocks 12, 13 and 14 were transferred to Unocal and subsequently to the International Oil and Gas Company Chevron. Important gas fields like Jalalabad, Maulavibazar and Bibiana are discovered within these blocks. Only the Bibiana Gas Field now produces approximately 500 million cubic feet gas daily. In addition Jalalabad and Maulavibazar Gas Fields are producing daily 230 and 75 million cubic feet of gas respectively.<br />
<br />
Sangu Gas Field discovered earlier in the block 16 currently produces 35 million cubic feet of gas. The International Oil Companies working in Bangladesh (Chevron, Cairn Energy, Tallow and Nico Resources) produce approximately 943 million cubic feet of gas daily which is more than the half of the total produced gas in the country.<br />
<br />
In their proposals the companies were to indicate their competitive bids in respect of six items: (a) cost recovery ratio, (b) profit of oil/gas sharing ratio, (c) work programme, (d) performance guarantee in support of work programme, (e) discovery bonus, and (f) production bonus. Arthur Andersen, an international firm of chartered accountants was appointed as consultant to assist the government in evaluation of the bids. A large number of international oil companies came up with proposals for petroleum exploration in Bangladesh during that period. However, subsequent global oil crunch and uncertainty in government decisions caused a decline in the enthusiasm of the private investors. The whole process was further complicated by the issue of gas export to India through pipelines raised by the World Bank in 1995 on the ground that when PSC operators would start selling gas to Bangladesh in large quantity, the country would face a balance of payments crisis. Almost simultaneously, the international oil companies initially having no agenda to export gas also started arguing that there was no ready gas market in the country and therefore investment would no longer be attractive. The idea created a controversy as to whether the gas reserves in Bangladesh are sufficient enough to justify pipeline export or, the country itself has a market potential to use its reserves for domestic consumption and industrial purposes. At present the production of gas has significantly been increased but the expanded market and enhanced demand could not be fulfilled with the produced volume of gas. <br />
<br />
Key provisions of the present model PSC includes following:<br />
<br />
''Contact area'' Block size ranges from 1,650 to 13,500 sq km. Two blocks can be in one contract if geologically justified and in offshore, more than two blocks are allowed to include in one PSC. Separate work programme is necessary for each block.<br />
<br />
''Term of exploration'' seven years (basic period of three years plus two extensions of two years each).<br />
<br />
''Production'' For each area 25 years from the contract effective date for an oil field and 30 years for a gas field, subject to an extension of five years on mutually agreed terms.<br />
<br />
''Relinquishments'' 25% of contract area at the end of the third year and an additional 25% at the end of the fifth contract year are to be relinquished. All areas which are not declared production areas are to be relinquished at the end of the seventh contract year. First relinquishment will be waived if the contractor has completed an exploratory well within three years of the initial exploration period.<br />
<br />
''Repatriation of profit'' Repatriation of all the profit as per PSC provision will be allowed.<br />
<br />
''Production sharing'' Petrobangla and the contractor shall allocate any petroleum from the contract area between themselves in tranches according to total average daily production over the contract period in a mutually agreeable terms separately before and after the cost recovery period.<br />
<br />
''Cost recovery'' Biddable up to 40% for oil and 50% for gas.<br />
<br />
''Valuation of gas'' The pricing for associated gas would be on a cost plus basis, while for non associated gas it will be 75% of the international price of high sulfur fuel oil with negotiated discounts. To encourage exploration in offshore areas associated or non- associated gas from such fields will be priced at 25% higher than the gas from onshore areas.<br />
<br />
''Tax and duty'' No duty will be levied on machinery, equipment and consumables imported for petroleum operations during the exploration, development and production stage. Companies will be free of all corporate tax and such other taxes as are determined under the terms of PSC.<br />
<br />
''Deductible costs'' Operating costs, exploration costs and other capital costs. <br />
<br />
Other payments to government: Discovery and production bonuses biddable and applicable as specified in the agreement not cost recoverable.<br />
<br />
''Annual contract service fee'' Negotiable, but not less than US$ 50,000 per block. This cost is recoverable.<br />
<br />
''Annual training fee'' US$100,000, not recoverable.<br />
<br />
''Export of gas'' Contractor may export natural gas (contractor - cost recovery and profit gas; Petrobangla - profit gas) in the form of liquefied natural gas subject to negotiation with government. Petrobangla will compensate contractor for relinquishment of rights for required volume of discovered and apprised natural gas located west of Padma-Jamuna rivers up to a maximum 1 TCF. The required volume represents the minimum volume estimated to be economically recoverable for domestic use.<br />
<br />
Domestic consumption: Contractor shall provide pro rata up to 25% of his profit oil at 15% discount and remaining, if required at full fair market price in convertible currency.<br />
<br />
The commercial energy sector and the economy as a whole remain excessively dependent on natural gas. On the other hand insignificant investment was made for the exploration and production of natural gas for long period of time. As a result shortfall of gas supply has become a regular phenomenon in the country. It will be impossible to meet the demand of natural gas from the proven and recoverable reserves after 2011 if we continue to produce gas at the present rate. If the probable gas reserves can be recovered the discovered gas may meet the demand until 2015. And gas supply demand may be met until 2019 if the possible gas resources are recovered. At the same time exploration activities for oil and gas needs to be enhanced for meeting the growing demands.<br />
<br />
Earlier in 1989 Bangladesh was divided into 23 blocks for the purposes of exploration of oil and gas out of which 5 blocks were in the offshore territory and 17 were onshore blocks. Onshore areas of the country ware comparatively better explored and considerable gas reserve has been discovered here. Success in securing gas resource discovery from the offshore areas was so far limited.<br />
<br />
Under these circumstances new initiative for oil and gas exploration in the offshore areas of the country was undertaken in 2006. A new draft Model Production Sharing Contract was prepared. This draft Model PSC includes the following significant features: i) The territorial offshore area of the country was divided into 28 blocks which are limited within 2,611 &#8211; 7,400 squire kilometre areas; ii) The new PSC has included the Mandatory Work Program which was absent in the older version of PSC; iii) The old PSC did not have clear policies on Insurance and Bank Guarantee commensurate to the market cost and the new PSC included them; iv) The cost recovery limit in the new PSC is fixed at 55% maximum. This provision was biddable and negotiable in the older version of the PSC; v) Similarly in the profit sharing section the minimum rate of profit sharing rate has been fixed in the new PSC depending on the gas production rate changing the old PSC provision for determining the rate of profit sharing through negotiation and bidding; The profit sharing allocation has been defined for shallow offshore blocks at a rate of 55% and for the deep offshore blocks at a rate of 50%. v) Among the other significant amendments the new PSC imposed the liability of payment of Corporate Income Tax to the Contractor. Also the dispute resolution section refers to the Bangladesh Arbitration Act, 2001 and the arbitration to take place in Dhaka. In case of transfer of more than 50% shares of the company mandatory requirement for prior approval from Petrobangla is needed.<br />
<br />
Petrobangla invited international tenders for bidding in the 28 offshore blocks of Bangladesh within the scope of the new model PSC 2008 in February 2008. Seven international companies (CNOOC China, Longwoods Ltd., Tallow Bangladesh, Comtrac Services, Korea National Oil Company, Cnoco Philips and Santosh International) participated in the bidding process. Out of 28 offshore blocks no bidder was attracted for 12 (block nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, 19, 22-28) blocks. Petrobangla has scrutinised the proposals submitted by interested oil and gas exploration companies for offshore blocks in 2008 and placed its recommendations to the government for decision. If approved new initiatives will be taken for oil and gas exploration activities in the offshore blocks. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[bn:উৎপাদন বন্টন চুক্তি]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Energy&diff=15618Energy2026-07-22T05:27:08Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Energy''' When referred to as an economic category, energy stands for stores of convertible energy, which are nonrenewable (including fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas and nuclear-fission fuels) and renewable (like wind, tidal, and geothermal power). In 2005, the per capita consumption of such energy in Bangladesh was 170 kg oil equivalent, the third lowest in Asia after Cambodia and Nepal. Most of it (65.5%) is non-commercial energy mainly composing biomass absorbed in various forms in rural households and factories. Almost all rural households use open ''chula'' (stove) for cooking and these stoves are usually fed by dry leaves, fuel wood, agro-wastes, rice husk and cow dung. Many affluent rural people use kerosene stoves, gas stoves (fed by LP gas) and electric heaters (where electricity is available) for cooking. Some households use imported [[Coal|coal]] and a few have locally constructed [[Biogas|biogas]] plants for the purpose. About 4% of the rural people depend on kerosene for lighting after dusk and a substantial number of farmers use diesel for running pump machines to irrigate lands. Only a few towns/cities of the eastern part of the country have a supply of piped gas. A vast majority of the country';s urban and rural households thus depend on fuel woods, the annual consumption of which is about 40 million tons, for cooking. This is causing fast depletion of the forest reserve of the country and has become a threat to the ecological balance. <br />
<br />
Utilisation of renewable energy is not a new phenomenon in Bangladesh. People have used solar energy or wind for different purposes from ancient times. Solar energy is used for drying cloth, agricultural products, fish, salt etc. Wind is used by sailboats. However, the modern use of wind energy, e.g., for electricity generation or water pumping systems from a wind turbine on a commercial basis has not yet been started. Different organisations have assessed several locations to evaluate the wind energy potential of the coastal region and the scope of utilisation of wind energy resources for application in water pumping and power generation.<br />
<br />
In Bangladesh, the average daily solar radiation varies from 5.05 kWh/m2 in winter to 8.36 kWh/m2 in summer. Some organisations have conducted limited experiments with solar dryers to dry spices and vegetables. Experiments conduced so far in the country to generate electricity from solar energy have not been found economically viable. The solar photovoltaic systems are, however, gaining acceptance as technology for electricity generation in remote rural areas. There have been initiatives by the [[Rural Electrification Board|rural electrification board]] ([[Narsingdi District|narsingdi]] pilot project) and ''Grameen Shakti'' to provide basic needs such as electric lighting and power for TV and radio with the help of solar photovoltaic systems. In addition, the Bangladesh [[Power Development Board|power development board]] (BPDB) has two major solar photovoltaic installations - one at kaptai for the Rainfall Measuring Station and the other at Aricha for the East-West Interconnector. The solar photovoltaic system is used for lighting purposes in some transmission towers (for example, at the [[Karnafuli River|karnafuli]] river crossing, [[Chittagong City|chittagong city]]). In 2001, BPDB conducted a feasibility study on development of solar energy systems in the three districts of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|chittagong hill tracts]]. By that time, the electricity grid had reached 21 of the 25 upazilas of these three districts, and the rest received a partial supply of electricity from diesel generators. <br />
<br />
According to estimates made by the private LPG ([[Liquefied Petroleum Gas|liquefied petroleum gas]]) marketing companies working in Bangladesh the demand for LPG in the country in 2001 was about 300,000 tons. The government owned Eastern Refinery Ltd. (ERL) located at Chittagong produced approximately 16,000 tons of LPG per year and the LPG storage, bottling and distribution plant of the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC) at Kailashtila, [[Sylhet District|sylhet]] had an annual LPG production of an additional 5,000 tons. LPG produced by ERL and the Kailashtila plant is marketed through marketing companies of the BPC. Recently, the government started giving permission to private sector companies to import, store, bottle and market LPG in the country. So far 11 private companies have been given licenses by BPC. One of these, the Union LP Gas Ltd., with a capacity to annually import, bottle and distribute 36,000 tons of LPG is currently marketing approximately 8,000 tons (as Bashundhara LP Gas) per year. Some of the other companies are the Summit Industrial Marketing, Jamuna Spacetech Joint Venture Ltd., Mobil-Jamuna and ELPIJI Malaysia Bangladesh Ltd (Joint venture with Wesfearmers of Australia). Summit';s annual capacity to import and market is 60,000 tons, while the annual sales targets of Jamuna Spacetech and the ELPIJI Malaysia-Bangladesh are 25,000 tons and 250,000 tons respectively. <br />
<br />
In Bangladesh, commercial energy is available to less than 20% of the population and about 8% of the population have access to [[Hydrocarbon|hydrocarbon]]s (liquid fuel, natural gas and LPG). The annual per capita consumption of electricity is estimated to be 144 kWh in 2011. The country has very limited hydropower potential and the only hydropower station is the 230 MW Karnafuli Power Plant now under consideration for expansion with 2 new units of 50 MW each. Feasibility studies have been made for some new sites for mini hydropower projects. <br />
<br />
The country';s proven reserves of oil (including condensate) are estimated at about 65 million barrels. Natural gas is the major primary commercial energy resource of the country and its reserves have been estimated at around 23 trillion cubic feet (TCF), of which the net recoverable reserve is around 12.19 TCF. Since the discovery of the first gas field in the country in 1955, the cumulative production in June 2000 had been around 4.10 TCF. Recent projections contained in the 'Plan and Vision Statement for Gas Sector'; suggest that within the year 2010, at least 5 TCF and until 2020, an additional 7 TCF of gas would be required to meet the demand in the country. During the last financial year, 330 billion cubic feet and during the last ten years, 2.4 TCF gas were consumed. The gas consumption growth in recent years progressed at a rate of 8-10% annually. It is estimated that 11% of the country';s total gas consumption accrues to the domestic sector and with the expansion of gas pipelines at the east and west ends of the river [[Jamuna River|jamuna]], domestic and other consumption is likely to increase at a fast rate. A conservative estimate suggests that at least 65.5 TCF gas would be required within the next 50 years to meet the domestic demand, including 42 TCF for power generation and 7 TCF for fertiliser production. <br />
<br />
Peat and coal reserves in the southern and northern parts of the country are located deep beneath the surface and are difficult to develop. So far only one coal mine is being developed by [[Petrobangla|petrobangla]] with a limited annual output target of one million tons mainly for fueling the proposed 250 MW power plant at Barapukuria.<br />
<br />
The present installed capacity of electricity generation of the country is approximately 3,803 MW, including about 600 MW in independent power producers (IPP). Some of the IPPs, especially the barge-mounted ones are often kept running below the generation capacity because of shortage of funds and incapacity of BPDB to consume the full production of IPP stations at off-peak hours. <br />
<br />
One recent estimate suggests that almost seven-tenths of the total energy needs of the country are met by traditional energy sources like biomass, woods, bagasse etc. Almost 70% of the rest are derived from indigenous natural gas and the rest is derived from oil. The amount of natural gas used in the country is about 1,000 million cubic feet per day and about one third of the amount is used as feedstock for fertiliser production and nearly one half for generation of electricity. The imported petroleum is used mainly as fuel for vehicles (gasoline and diesel) and to a much lesser extent for lighting and cooking (kerosene). Petroleum is also used for industrial and commercial purposes, in the generation of electricity and as aviation fuel. The break-up of electricity consumption is 43% in households, 42% in industries, 11% in commercial establishments and about 4% in [[agriculture]] (basically, [[irrigation]]). The ratio of natural gas and oil in commercial energy in percentage terms is 70:30. <br />
<br />
Besides public and IPP generators, a captive generation of over 500 MW is available to various industrial and commercial units for their exclusive operation. In terms of energy generation 85% of the total in 2000 was generated in gas-fired [[Power Plants|power plants]]. However, the available generation (average per day) is only around 2,650-2,800 MW throughout the country.<br />
<br />
Bangladesh has a large unsatisfied demand for commercial energy with most of the supply limited to urban areas. The country';s economy operates at low levels of commercial energy consumption, which is a crucial bottleneck to economic development. The country spends around US$640 million for the import of energy (petroleum) in a year. The [[rural electrification]] programme connects on average 200,000 new consumers every year. At this rate, it would take until 2010 to double the percentage of rural households with access to electricity, leaving 80% of them still without the same.<br />
<br />
In line with global trends in the 1990';s, Bangladesh has opted for private sector participation in the generation of electricity. By 1999, a 330 MW barge-mounted IPP had come into operation under BPDB and the cost on average is approximately US5.1 cent/kWh compared to the global average of US6.5 cent/kWh in such plants. Recently, two new land based IPP of total capacity 800MW had been established with a per unit tariff rate of about US2.75 cent/kWh.<br />
<br />
The Power System Master Plan designed for Bangladesh provided a 20-year forecast, which shows the demand for electricity in the country as 4,600 MW in 2005, 6,800 MW in 2010 and about 10,000 MW in 2015. The government';s Power Policy Statement disclosed that the demand for power in January 2000 was around 3,000 MW and would increase 5-fold to around 15,000 MW by 2020. According to the statement, the government considered it appropriate to limit power generation by IPPs within 2,238 MW. Agreements are already in place to generate 1,188 MW by IPPS and more agreements are at negotiation stage for generating additional 1,050 MW by IPPs. It has been expected that by 2007, the government owned power plants would generate 3,019 MW and mixed sector (Rural Power Company) will add an additional 70 MW by 2004. Further, 65 MW more is estimated to be added by some small plants like the one of the Chittagong City Corporation (15MW), the Sandwip Power Network Ltd. (10 MW), Narayanganj Rolls Royce (10 MW) and Rahim Steel Ltd. (10 MW), planned for construction in the near future. <br />
<br />
Problems in the [[Power System|power system]] in Bangladesh include shortfall of generation, load-shedding and low voltage, largely due to excess pressure on the supply network, dilapidated transformers and transmission lines and management failures in distribution systems. In June 2001, the country had 23 power stations and 7 out of their 58 power generation units were out of operation. At the same time, BPDB';s 8 highly expensive diesel fueled small power plants located at remote places and islands have become liabilities because of the unusually high per unit cost of electricity generation and production at levels far below the installed capacity. BPDB feels it urgent to overhaul a large number of its existing power plants but it can not go for such a move systematically as there is no reserve margin of power generation capacity at this moment. <br />
<br />
Thirty per cent of the electricity produced by BPDB is distributed by the organisation itself, 50% is distributed by [[desa]] and the remaining 20% by Rural Electrification Board (REB). The transmission cost at the distribution level is a little more than Tk 2/kWh but BPDB supplies to DESA at Tk 1.91/kWh and at Tk 1.84/kWh to REB. BPDB earns a revenue of less than Tk 250 million per month from DESA and although BPDB';s official retail price for it';s consumers is more than Tk 3/kWh, its average realisation limit per unit is only Tk 1.75/kWh. As a result, BPDB is now on the verge of bankruptcy. According to some estimates, about $1 billion worth of industrial output is lost annually as a result of power outages. The government had created some new organisations and also allowed the formation of some others in the private sector with the objectives of solving problems in transmission and reducing the 'system loss';. <br />
<br />
Based on an estimate that during the decade between 2000 and 2010, the power sector would require an investment of $6 billion, a significant part of which would not be available in the public sector, the government took a policy decision to invite private sector investments in the sector. External assistance is also sought for increasing power generation. To streamline the legislative basis for the reforms and to enable establishment of an independent regulatory authority, an Electricity Reform Act (in place of the Electricity Act 1910) is being formulated for approval by the Parliament. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[bn:শক্তি, এনার্জি]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gas,_Natural&diff=15617Gas, Natural2026-07-22T05:26:21Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Gas, Natural''' mixture of flammable gases found in the earth's crust (often in association with petroleum), now one of the world's three main fossil fuels (with [[Coal|coal]] and oil). In other words, [[Hydrocarbon|hydrocarbon]]s that exist as gas or vapour at ordinary pressures and temperatures. Methane is the most important, but ethane, propane and others may be present. Common impurities include nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. It may occur alone or associated with oil. Being a [[Delta|delta]] having a porous and permeable hydrocarbon-bearing sand structure and unique conditions for trap, Bangladesh has always been considered a natural gas rich country.<br />
<br />
It is largely available in the eastern part of the country extending from greater Sylhet down to greater Comilla, Noakhali and Chittagong. It has also been discovered offshore in the [[Bay of Bengal|bay of bengal]].<br />
<br />
[[Image:GasBlocks.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]<br />
Natural gas plays an important role in the country's economy. It is an environment friendly fuel, which undergoes clean and odourless combustion. It is widely used as fuel for domestic (cooking and heating), industrial (metallurgical, ceramic, glass, bread and biscuits, power stations, cement works, factory process steam boilers, etc) and agricultural (drying, heating, steam boilers) use. [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas|liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG), Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), [[Compressed Natural Gas|compressed natural gas]] (CNG) are obtained from natural gas and are used as fuels in domestic, industrial and agricultural applications. In chemical industries natural gas is used as feedstock for the manufacture of [[Fertiliser|fertiliser]]s, plastics, resins, rubbers, and various chemicals such as carbon black, detergents, ammonia, nitric acid, weed killers, etc. [M Ehsanullah]<br />
<br />
'''''History of exploration''''' Hydrocarbon exploration in this region commenced towards the end of the nineteenth century. In 1866 four [[Well|well]]s were drilled near Jaipur (southwest of Digboi, Assam). The Assam Railway and Trading Company constructed the first railway in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent in the late nineteenth century. The same company started the exploration of hydrocarbons and drilling works in 1883 in the territory of Assam. Later, the Assam Oil Company was formed, and it expanded its exploration activities for [[Petroleum Products|petroleum products]]. The Burma Oil Company, the successor of the Assam Oil Company, started its petroleum exploration activities in 1911 and included the [[Surma Basin|surma basin]] and Chittagong area in its exploration programme.<br />
<br />
During 1908-1914 the Indo-Burma Petroleum Company drilled a few wells in the Sitakunda anticline. Since 1914 62 wells have been drilled within the territory of present-day Bangladesh. Various national and international companies carried out exploration drilling work in the potential areas of the country. Extensive exploration work so far has secured the discovery of 23 gasfields and one oil well. In the early days of exploration (1910-1933), drilling for oil and gas was mainly concentrated near the seeps in the fold belt. At this stage shallow wells ranging from 763 to about 1,050 meters were drilled. With the evolution of technology drilling reached deeper horizons, with a better success ratio. The first gasfield discovered in Bangladesh territory was in 1955 by the Burma Oil Company. During the sixties and seventies, several gasfields were discovered. Petroleum exploration drilling in Bangladesh territory has an attractive average 3:1 success ratio, which is one of the highest in the world. During 1910-1933 six wells were drilled without any commercial discovery. After the Second World War, during 1951-1970, a total of 22 wells were drilled, and eight gasfields discovered. In the third phase of exploration, during 1972-1992, a total of 24 wells were drilled and nine gasfields and one oilfield discovered. During 1993-2000 10 holes were drilled and five more gasfields were discovered in the country.<br />
<br />
In 1959 the Chhatak Cement Factory started using natural gas from Chhatak gasfield; this was the beginning of the industrial use of gas in the country. In the same region, from 1961, the Fenchuganj Fertiliser Factory started using natural gas from the Sylhet gasfield and from 1968, the Siddirganj Power Plant started power generation with gas from the Titas gasfield. They were the major gas users in the country in the early days. In 1968, the eminent author late [[Osman, Shawkat|shawkat osman]]'s residence at Dhanmondi in Dhaka became the first domestic consumer of piped natural gas. In 1960 the average demand and supply of natural gas was 0.28 million cu m/day. It has significantly increased and now stands at about 28 million cu m/day (on March 7, 2000 gas production in the country reached 29.68 million cu m/day) with an installed production capacity of 37.96 million cu m/day from 42 producing wells. [Badrul Imam and Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[Image:GasField.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]<br />
'''''Gas prone''''' Bangladesh is a proven gas prone country in the world. It is mainly found in the rocks of Bhuban and Boka Bil formations. These Miocene shales, particularly the Middle and Lower Bhuban, have a total organic carbon content of up to 0.9%, and are gas prone and classified as marginal source rocks. The gas prone marginal source rocks of the Miocene Bhuban and Boka Bil formations came into the gas maturation level only during the last three to four million years and especially with respect to the deeper basin parts and the Lower Bhuban Formation. Gas generated from these [[Sediment|sediment]]s has been trapped almost entirely by the anticlines, which by that time had developed in the Surma Basin. Some geologists believe that the argillaceous rocks of the Bhuban Formation contain little organic material to be a good source rock. They further believe that the underlying organic rich argillaceous rocks of the Oligocene Barail Formation have actually generated natural gas and after migrating for a few kilometres updip it finally accumulated in the sandstone reservoirs of the Bhuban and Boka Bil formations. [Sifatul Quader Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
'''''Gasfield''''' By 2001, a total of 22 natural gasfields have been discovered in Bangladesh. The total gas initially in place (GIIP) in these 22 fields is about 26 Tcf, of which about 16 Tcf is considered recoverable. By the end of 2000, a total of about 3.9 Tcf of gas has been produced leaving a reserve of about 12.1 Tcf. Out of the 22 fields, two are offshore in the Bay of Bengal and the rest are located in the eastern onshore areas. The gas occurs in Miocene (5 to 24 million years before present)-Pliocene (2 to 5 million years before present) sandstone reservoirs at depths of about 1,000 to 3,500m below the surface.<br />
<br />
[[Image:GasField2.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Gasfield]]<br />
Natural gas from Bangladesh is very pure, with about 95% to 99% methane and almost no sulphur. The average compositions are 97.33% methane, 1.72-% ethane, 0.35% propane and 0.19% higher hydrocarbons. Gas in most of the fields is dry, but in a few fields it is wet, with considerable amounts of condensate, eg at Beanibazar (16 bbl/mmcfg), Jalalabad (15 bbl/mmcfg), and Kailashtila (13 bbl/mmcfg). The total condensate reserve in the country is estimated at about 65 million barrels.<br />
<br />
Geological evidence suggests that in addition to the hydrocarbon gas already discovered, the prospect of further gas discovery in the country is bright. Natural gas is playing a vital role in the economic development of the country.<br />
<br />
''Table 1'' Exploration onshore wells in Bangladesh.<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| Well name || Year of Drilling || Operator || Total depth (m) || Formation at total depth || Tectonic setting || Status <br />
|-<br />
| Sitakund-1 || 1910 || IPPC || 760 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sitakund-2 || 1910/14 || IPPC || - || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sitakund-3a || 1910/14 || IPPC || - || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sitakund-4 || 1914 || Burmah Oil || 1024 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Patharia-1 || 1923 || Burmah Oil || 875 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Patharia-2 || 1933 || Burmah Oil || 1047 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Patharia-3 || 1951 || PPL || 1649 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Patharia-4 || 1953 || PPL || 830 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Patiya-1 || 1953 || PPL || 3102 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sylhet-1 || 1955 || PPL || 2379 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gasflow,blowout <br />
|-<br />
| Sylhet-2 || 1956 || PPL || 2819 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Lalmai-1 || 1958 || PPL || 2993 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Chattak-1 || 1959 || PPL || 2135 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Kutchma-1 || 1959 || Stanvac || 2875 || Gondwana || Stable shelf || Dry hole, Coal <br />
|-<br />
| Bogra-1 || 1960 || Stanvac || 2187 || Basement || Stable shelf || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Fenchuganj-1 || 1960 || PPL || 2438 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Rashidpur-1 || 1960 || Shell Oil || 3860 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Hazipur-1 || 1960 || Stanvac || 3816 || Barail || Hinge zone || Dry Hole <br />
|-<br />
| Lalmai-2 || 1960 || PPL || 4117 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry Hole <br />
|-<br />
| Kailastila-1 || 1962 || Shell Oil || 4139 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Titas-1 || 1962 || Shell Oil || 3758 || Barail || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Habiganj-1 || 1963 || Shell Oil || 3508 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Jaldi-1 || 1965 || OGDC || 2300 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Jaldi-2 || 1966 || OGDC || 3360 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Semutang-1 || 1969 || OGDC || 4088 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Bakhrabad-1 || 1969 || Shell Oil || 2838 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Jaldi-3 || 1970 || OGDC || 4500 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Muladi-1 || 1976 || Petrobangla || 4732 || Bhuban || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Begumganj-1 || 1977 || Petrobangla || 3655 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Muladi-2 || 1981 || Petrobangla || 4556 || Bhuban || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Singra-1 || 1981 || Petrobangla || 4100 || Gondwana || Stable shelf || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Beanibazar-1 || 1981 || Petrobangla || 4109 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Feni-1 || 1981 || Petrobangla || 3200 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Kamta-1 || 1982 || Petrobangla || 3614 || Bhuban || Foredeep || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Atgram-1 || 1982 || Petrobangla || 2518 || Barail || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Fenchuganj-2 || 1988 || Petrobangla || 4977 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Salbanhat-A || 1988 || Shell Oil || 2518 || Basement || Sub-Himalayan Foredeep || Dry Hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sitakund-5 || 1988 || Petrobangla || 4005 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry Hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sitapahar-1 || 1988 || Shell Oil || 1560 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry Hole <br />
|-<br />
| Jalalabad-1 || 1989 || Scimitar || 2626 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Bogra-2 || 1989 || Petrobangla || 2100 || Cherra/Tura || Stable Shelf || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Meghna-1 || 1990 || Petrobangla || 3069 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Narsinghdi-1 || 1990 || Petrobangla || 3450 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Patharia-5 || 1992 || Petrobangla || 3438 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Shahbazpur-1 || 1995 || Petrobangla || 3342 || Bhuban || Foredeep || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Shaldanadi-1 || 1996 || Petrobangla || 2511 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Maulvi Bazar-1 || 1997 || Occidental || 800 || Bokabil || Fold Belt || Gas flow, blowout <br />
|-<br />
| Maulvi Bazar-2 || 1997 || Occidental || 3735 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Halda-1 || 1997 || Cairn Energy || 4519 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Bibiyana-1 || 1998 || Occidental || 4205 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Kapna-1 || 1998 || Unocal || 3149 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Ratna-1 || 1999 || Unocal || 3835 || Bhuban || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|}<br />
''Source'' Petrobangla, unpublished Government and oil company reports.<br />
<br />
The discovered gasfields are at Sylhet, Chhatak, Titas, Rashidpur, Kailastila, Habiganj, Bakhrabad, Semutang, Kutubdia, Begumganj, Kamta, Feni, Beanibazar, Fenchuganj, Jalalabad, Narsingdi, Meghna, Shahbazpur, Saldanadi, Sangu, Bibiyana and Maulvi Bazar. Most of the gasfields are located in and around the frontal fold belt of the Indo-Burman Ranges in the eastern part of the country.<br />
<br />
''Table 2'' Exploration offshore wells in Bangladesh<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| Well name || Year of Drilling || Operator || Totaldepth (m) || Formation at total depth || Tectonic setting || Status <br />
|-<br />
| Cox's Bazar || 1969 || Shell Oil || 3698 || Bhuban eq. || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| BODC-1 || 1976 || BODC || 4598 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Bina-1 || 1976 || INA || 4095 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| ARCO-1 || 1976 || ARCO || 3903 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| BODC-2 || 1976 || BODC || 4436 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Kutubdia-1 || 1977 || Union || 3508 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Bina-2 || 1977 || INA || 4294 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| BODC-3 || 1978 || BODC || 4488 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sangu-1 || 1996 || Cairn Energy || 3500 || Bhuban eq. || Fold Belt || Gas discovery <br />
|-<br />
| Sonadia-1 || 1997 || Cairn Energy || 4028 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Reju-1 || 1999 || Oakland || 4450 || Bhuban eq. || Foredeep || Dry hole <br />
|-<br />
| Sandwip-1 || 2000 || Shell Oil || NA || Bhuban eq. || Fold Belt || Dry hole <br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Source'' Petrobangla, unpublished Government and oil company reports.<br />
<br />
Gas is accumulated in the anticlinal traps. The reservoir quality, eg porosity and permeabilty of the gas reservoirs, is from generally good to excellent. Many of the fields have multiple sand reservoirs, with some having as much as 12 gas sand zones. Results of different analyses of gases from Bangladesh fields indicate that natural gas is mostly derived from terrestrial organic matter and were generated within the 'oil window'. The source rocks of the gas are considered to be the Oligocene (24 to 36 million years before present) shale belonging to the Barail Group stratigraphic unit. The gas is supposed to have migrated medium to long distances from Oligocene shale source rocks to Miocene sandstone reservoir rocks via fault conduits.<br />
<br />
The current major gas producing fields are Titas, Kailastila, Habiganj, Rashidpur, Jalalabad and Sangu. Brief descriptions of some individual gasfields are given below:<br />
<br />
The Sylhet gasfield is located about 20 km northeast of Sylhet town. It was discovered in 1955 by Pakistan Petroleum Limited. Seven wells were drilled, out of which Sylhet-1 was blown out, Sylhet-3 and 6 are producing gas and Sylhet-7 is the only well where oil was discovered. Crude oil was produced from Sylhet 7 well till 1992 at a modest rate of less than 100 to 300 bbl per day.<br />
<br />
The Chhatak gasfield was discovered in January 1959 in Sunamganj district by Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. It was drilled up to 2,133m depth. Production in the field was suspeneded since 1985 because of excessive water flow.<br />
<br />
The Titas gasfield is located in Brahmanbaria district and was discovered by Pakistan Shell Oil Company in 1962. This is one of the largest gasfields in Bangladesh and the most important gas producer to date. Till 2000 a total of 14 wells were drilled in the field. This field has a dome-like structure covering an area 16 km by 4 km. Most of the gas producing sands are from depths ranging from 2,616 to 3,124m. The Titas field has 4.13 Tcf of gas initially in place (GIIP) of which 2.1 Tcf is considered recoverable reserve. Till the end of 2000, a total of 1.72 Tcf of the gas or about 75% of the recoverable reserve has been extracted.<br />
<br />
The Rashidpur gasfield was discovered in Maulvi Bazar district in 1960. Four wells have been drilled in this structure. It has a GIIP of 2.24 Tcf of which 1.30 Tcf is considered recoverable. The structure is a narrow asymmetrical anticline with about 40 km length and 5 km width. This gasfield has been productive since 1983.<br />
<br />
The Kailastila gasfield, located in Sylhet district, was discovered by Pakistan Shell Oil Company in 1962. It is one of the largest gasfields in Bangladesh. It has GIIP of 3.65 Tcf with a recoverable reserve of 2.52 Tcf of gas. The Kailashtila field produces a high amount of condensate along with the gas. Kailashtila has been producing gas since 1983. Some non-commercial oil zones have been discovered at a deeper level in this field.<br />
<br />
The Habiganj gasfield is another large field discovered in 1963. The field has a closure 11 km long and 4.5 km wide. It is known for excellent quality reservoirs with up to 30% porosity and several darcy permeability. This is one of the major gas producers at the present time. Till date 10 wells have been drilled in this structure.<br />
<br />
The Bakhrabad gasfield is located in Comilla district, was discovered by Shell Oil Company in 1969. The field started production in 1984 and reached its peak of 190 million cubic feet of gas per day in 1993. Since then there has been a quick decline of pressure and production rate in the field. By the end of 2000, the field was producing only 35 million cubic feet of gas per day. It is believed the field will be depleted soon.<br />
<br />
[[Image:GasGraphEng.jpg|thumb|600px|center]]<br />
The Semutang gasfield, located in Khagrachhari district, is the only field in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|chittagong hill tracts]]. It was discovered by the National Oil Company OGDC of Pakistan in 1969. They drilled four wells but wells 3 and 4 were found dry. This field is not in production.<br />
<br />
The Kutubdia gasfield, discovered in Bay of Bengal by the Union Oil Company of USA in 1976, is about 92 km southwest of Chittagong Port. Being small in size, no plan has yet been drawn for the development of this offshore field.<br />
<br />
The Begumganj gasfield, located in Noakhali district, was discovered in 1977 by [[Petrobangla|petrobangla]], and being small has not yet been developed. Of the two wells drilled one was found dry.<br />
<br />
The Kamta gasfield located not far from Dhaka city is in Gazipur district and was discovered by Petrobangla in 1981. Production in this small field was suspended after about six years of operation in 1991 because of excessive water flow.<br />
<br />
The Feni gasfield ocated in Feni district and discovered by Petrobangla in 1981 is a small field. Production in the field was suspended in 1998 after about five years of operation.<br />
<br />
The Beanibazar gasfield in Sylhet district was discovered by Petrobangla in 1981. It is now producing from 2 wells.<br />
<br />
The Fenchuganj gasfield, discovered by Petrobangla in 1988 is a moderate-size field, which has the deepest well in Bangladesh (total depth 4,977m). Some non-commercial oil has been found in this field. The field is not under production now.<br />
<br />
The Jalalabad gasfield was discovered in 1989 by Scimitar Oil Company in Sylhet district. The field was later given to Occidental/Unocal oil company. Unocal is now producing from the field.<br />
<br />
''Table 3'' Total reserves and other related data of the gasfields in Bangladesh.<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| Gasfield || Year of discovery || Gas initially in place (proven+ probable) billion cu ft || Initial reserves (proven + probable) billion cu ft || Cumulative gas produced, March 2000 || Number of gas zones || Gas reservoir depth range (m) || Reservoir age and lithology <br />
|-<br />
| Sylhet || 1955 || 444 || 266 || 165 || 2 || 1212-1308 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Chattak || 1959 || 447 || 268 || 26 || 6 || 564-1657 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Rashidpur || 1960 || 2242 || 1309 || 172 || 2 || 1387-2706 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Titas || 1962 || 4134 || 2100 || 1693 || 10 || 2616-3124 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Kailashtila || 1962 || 3657 || 2529 || 207 || 3 || 2281-2990 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Habiganj || 1963 || 3669 || 1895 || 765 || 2 || 1397-3014 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Bakhrabad || 1969 || 1432 || 867 || 577 || 4 || 1826-2144 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Semutang || 1969 || 164 || 98 || 0 || 2 || 980-1279 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Begumganj || 1977 || 25 || 15 || 0 || 1 || 2996 || Miocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Kutubdia || 1977 || 780 || 468 || 0 || 1 || 2650 || Miocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Beanibazar || 1981 || 243 || 167 || 4 || 2 || 3230-3451 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Feni || 1981 || 178 || 125 || 39 || 2 || 1756-2760 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Kamta || 1982 || 33 || 23 || 21 || 1 || 2994 || Miocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Fenchuganj || 1988 || 350 || 210 || 0 || NA || NA || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Jalalabad || 1989 || 1195 || 836 || 29 || 3 || 2503-2708 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Narsinghdi || 1990 || 194 || 126 || 25 || 2 || 2907-3157 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Meghna || 1990 || 159 || 104 || 18 || 6 || 2293-3017 || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Shahbazpur || 1995 || 514 || 333 || 0 || NA || NA || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Sangu || 1996 || 1031 || 848 || 58 || 6+ || NA || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Saldanadi || 1996 || 200 || 140 || 11 || NA || NA || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Moulvibazar || 1997 || 500 || 400 || 0 || NA || NA || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Bibiyana || 1998 || 3150 || 2400 || 0 || 7+ || NA || Mio-Pliocene Sandstone <br />
|-<br />
| Total || || 24,745 || 15,527 || 3,810 || || || <br />
|}<br />
''Source'' Petrobangla, unpublished Government and oil company reports.<br />
<br />
The Narsingdi gasfield and Meghna gasfield are located north of Bakhrabad gasfield in the Meghna floodplain area. Discovered in 1990 by Petrobangla, both the fields are small in size and have been under production since 1996 and 1997 respectively.<br />
<br />
The Sangu gasfield was discovered by Cairn Energy in 1996, now being operated by Shell Oil Company, is the only offshore field which is in production. It is located about 50-km southwest of Chittagong city and stands at a depth of 10 metres of water in the Bay of Bengal. The Bibiyana gasfield, located in Habiganj district, is a very large field discovered by Unocal. It has a GIIP of about 5 Tcf with a recoverable reserve of 2.4 Tcf. Unocal plans to develop the field in the near future.<br />
<br />
The Maulvi Bazar gasfield, located in Maulvi Bazar district near Sreemangal, and is known for the Magurchhara [[Blow-Out|blow-out]] accident in its first well drilled by Occidental/Unocal. A large amount of gas was lost to the atmosphere due to the blow-out in 1998. Later the companies discovered gas in well no 2. The field is yet to be developed. [Badrul Imam and M Lutfar Rahman Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
'''''Gas pipeline''''' Immediately after the production of natural gas from the gasfields, it is necessary to have gas flowing through pipelines. Such pipelines are installed according to supply and demand. Transmission and distribution companies have been formed for the purpose. Bangladesh possesses an extensive and long-established gas network. An extensive pipeline network brings gas to consumers, including industrial, commercial and domestic users of natural gas. Among the industrial users of gas, power generation companies consume the major share of the total gas produced. In addition, fertiliser and cement factories, pulp and paper mills and other industries mainly located in the eastern and central parts of the country use natural gas.<br />
<br />
Three transmission and distribution companies are currently supplying gas to three franchise areas (a) Titas Franchise Area (TFA), (b) Jalalabad Franchise Area (JFA) and (c) Bakhrabad Franchise Area (BFA). These three areas are separately responsible for supplying gas to - (a) TFA: Ashuganj Power Station, Zia Fertiliser Factory, Jamuna Fertiliser Factory, Ghorashal Urea Fertiliser Factory, Ghorashal Power Station, and Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Netrokona, Jamalpur and Sherpur districts; (b) JFA: Kumargaon Power Station, Sylhet Paper and Pulp Mills, Chhatak Cement Factory, Ainpur Cement Factory, private sector cement factories, industrial, commercial, domestic and other consumers in Sylhet, Chhatak, Sunamganj districts and adjoining areas, Fenchuganj Power Station, Shahjalal Fertiliser Factory, Habiganj and Maulvi Bazar areas (Shahjibazar Power Plant, Tea gardens and others); (c) BFA: [[KAFCO|kafco]], CUFL, Raozan Power Plant, Sikalbaha Power Plant, Karnafuli Paper Mills, Chittagong, Comilla, Laksham, Feni areas (industrial, commercial, domestic and others).<br />
<br />
At present, the Gas Transmission Company Limited (GTCL) is operating the 178 km Kailastila to Ashuganj pipeline (60.96-cm dia) and the North-South Gas Transmission Pipeline. GTCL is also operating the 58 km Ashuganj to Bakhrabad Pipeline (76.20 cm dia), which was constructed and commissioned in 1997. It is also extending the transmission network to Beanibazar gasfield as well as on the western side of the [[Jamuna River|jamuna]] river. All the gas transmission pipelines that are part of the national gas grid are in the process of being transferred to GTCL.<br />
<br />
In all these franchise areas gas demand may rise to 25.65 million cu m/day. The Beanibazar-Kailastila Gas Pipeline, under construction, will also require 1.12 million cu m/day gas in future. Thus the net total gas demand will rise to (25.65 + 1.12) 26.77 million cu m/day. In the near future gas flow will increase by another 7.28 to 7.56 million cu m/day and simultaneously the gas pipeline should increase accordingly. There is a subsidiary company of Petrobangla, the Rupantarita Prakritic Gas Company Ltd, which was formed in 1991 with the objective of developing and popularising CNG in the country. [M Lutfar Rahman Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
'''''Gas marketing'''''' Production and marketing of natural gas in Bangladesh started in 1960 with pipeline gas supply from Chattak gasfield to Chattak cement factory. In 1961, a second gasfield, Sylhet, was put under production to supply gas to Fenchuganj fertiliser factory. In 1961, the total gas produced was 3.5 billion cubic feet. Production and marketing of gas in the country has grown steadily ever since. By the end of 1998, the number of gasfields discovered reached 22, with 12 fields under production. In 1998, total production of natural gas in the country was 298 billion cubic feet. The present rate of gas production is about 1,000 million cubic feet per day.<br />
<br />
In 2001, production of natural gas in Bangladesh is carried out by three Petrobangla subsidiary companies (BGFCL, SGFCL, BAPEX) and two international oil companies (Shell and Unocal). There are several gas transmission and distribution companies (TGTDCL, BGSL, JGTDSL) responsible for bringing gas to the power plants, fertiliser factories, different industrial, commercial and domestic end users through an extensive network of pipelines.<br />
<br />
Power generation and fertiliser production consumes about 80% of the natural gas produced at present. The sectorwise use of gas as a percentage of total gas consumed stands as follows: power (45%), fertiliser (35%), industrial, commercial and domestic (20%). The demand for natural gas in the country is increasing at a rate of 13.4% annually.<br />
<br />
The options of natural gas marketing for sectors other than the above-mentioned have been discussed in several quarters including government, private and international organisations. Although the use of natural gas in the petrochemical industry, for LNG, or more recently as a synthetic liquid fuel (by gas to liquid technology) has been in practice in many parts of the world, these options are not considered in the present context of Bangladesh. Instead, the possibility of pipeline gas export is being seriously discussed and debated.<br />
<br />
The pipeline gas export option is most vigorously campaigned by foreign oil companies engaged in gas exploration in Bangladesh. The proponents of gas export say Bangladesh should avail herself of the opportunity of a gas market that exists in neighbouring India, where the growth of gas demand is not being met by local supply. It is suggested that Bangladesh should earn foreign exchange to boost its economy by exporting its natural gas to India. The proponents also suggest that in the not so distant future, gas will become a backstage fuel and may not have its present value due to the advent of alternative sources like solar energy.<br />
<br />
A second view held by a large section of national experts and politicians, tends to strongly oppose the option of pipeline export at present. The opponents of pipeline gas export point out that two factors should be considered seriously before export to a foreign country is contemplated. These are (i) whether Bangladesh holds enough reserves to meet its future demand, and (ii) the future of natural gas as a fuel.<br />
<br />
According to the opponents of gas export, the country's present gas reserve of 15 Tcf is modest and will perhaps be enough to meet the need of the immediate future, but not enough to meet the long-term future demand of the country. Bangladesh has been very much dependent on natural gas as its primary commercial fuel. It has no significant oil reserve, no prospect for further hydroelectric projects and the possibility of having nuclear power is as remote as ever. In the above context, natural gas will remain the sole source of commercial energy for a long time to come. If Bangladesh starts exporting natural gas now the present reserve may well be exhausted before an alternative energy source is in sight. This will be catastrophic for the future energy scenario of the country. The risk of depleting the gas reserve outweighs the short-term economic gain that may be achieved by pipeline export.<br />
<br />
Regarding the future of gas as a fuel, international energy experts say that oil and gas will remain the prime energy source till 2040, after which natural gas will be the near universal fuel. The use of natural gas will peak in 2050 following which its use will exceed that of oil and gas together. The take-off point of solar energy or other alternative energy will be delayed and will come before 2050. The opponents of gas export have suggested that Bangladesh should wait for a substantially large reserve to be discovered before considering gas export. [Badrul Imam and Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
''See also'' [[Hydrocarbon|hydrocarbon]]; [[Hydrocarbon Exploration|hydrocarbon exploration]];[[Hydrocarbon Generation|hydrocarbon generation]]; [[Hydrocarbon Reservoir|hydrocarbon reservoir]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:natural sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Contributors&diff=15616Contributors2026-07-22T05:24:08Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>* Aawhad, AAM Journalist, Kalia, Narail <br />
<br />
* Abdullah, ABM Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Abdullah, Abu Ahmed Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Abedin, Joinal Professor, Madhupur College, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Abedin, Kazi Monowar Professor of Physics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Abuadi, Shah Muhammad Habibullah Kanthalia, Jhalokathi <br />
<br />
* Adhikari, Rabindranath Journalist, Christianpara, Gopalganj <br />
<br />
* Afazuddin, M Professor of Dawah and Islamic Studies, Islamic University <br />
<br />
* Afsar, Rita Senior Research Fellow, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies <br />
<br />
* Agarwal, Ashvini Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Punjab University <br />
<br />
* Ahad, AQM Abdul Atomic Energy Research Centre <br />
<br />
* Ahamed, Emajuddin former Vice Chancellor, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Masum Professor of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Mohiuddin Chairman, Community Development Library, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Monawar Professor of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Moshtaq Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Salma Department of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Sayeed Senior Coordinator, Ain O Salish Kendra <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Shahabuddin Deputy Attorney General, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Shamsuddin Professor of Economics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Sultan Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Tofael Professor of Public Administration, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Ahmad, Zaheda Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin Principal (retd), Nazimuddin Government College, Madaripur <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Abu Professor of Economics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Abu Nasar Saied Department of Arts and Sociology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Abu Tweb Abu Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, AF Salahuddin Professor (retd) of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Akhter Uddin Director, Housing and Building Research Institute <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Ali Professor, West Dhanmondi, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, AW Nuruddin Joint Secretary, GOB <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Borhan Journalist, Daily Janakantha <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Ekram Member, Bangladesh Public Service Commission <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Farid Uddin Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Helal Uddin Joint Secretary, Bangladesh Government <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Istiak Uddin Chief Curator, Forest Department <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Jalal Uddin Haluaghat, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Jamal Uddin Professor of Finance, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, K Iftekhar Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Kamal Uddin Professor of Political Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Kazi Matin Uddin Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Kazi Saleh former Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar Univeristy <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Khan Kamal Uddin River Research Institute, Rangamati <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Lilyma Officer, Rupali Bank, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Mainuddin Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Masuda Professor (retd) of History, Eden College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Md Farid Uddin Department of Geology, Gazipur Mohila College <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Md Mamtazuddin Justice, High Court Division, Bangladesh Supreme Court <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Md Moudud Writer and researcher, Zianagar, Pirojpur <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Md Shibbir Physician, Morrelganj, Bagerhat <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Minuddin Bangladesh Tea Research Institute, Sreemangal <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Munir Director, Beach Sand Exploitation Project, Kaptai <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Muniruddin Professor of Pharmacy, Dhaka University <br />
* Ahmed, Musleh Uddin Principal, Comilla Medical College <br />
* Ahmed, Naimuddin Justice, Law Commission <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Nazimuddin former Director, Department of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Noazesh Agricultural Scientist and Photographer <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Parvin Chairman, KARIKA, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Rafique Professor of Geography and Earth Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, USA <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Rajib Journalist, Courtpara, Chuadanga <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Riaz Deputy Director (audit), ILBBS, National University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, RU Chairman, Chittagong Port Authority <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, S Shahnawaz Professor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, BUET <br />
* Ahmed, Sabbir Assistant Professor of Political Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Safi Uddin Researcher, Patharghata, Barguna <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Salehuddin Managing Director, Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation <br />
* Ahmed, Samina Principal Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Samir Uddin Researcher, Kulaura, Maulvibazar <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Shabbir Professor of Islamic Studies, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Shafiuddin Professor of Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Shamsud-Din former Additional Secretary, Bangladesh Government <br />
* Ahmed, Shamsuddin Professor (retd) of National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Sharif Principal, Rafiqul Islam Mohila College, Bhairab, Kishoreganj <br />
* Ahmed, Sharif Uddin Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Sufia National Professor <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Syed Giasuddin Vice Chancellor, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Syed Jamil, Professor, Theatre and Music, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Syed Sabbir Researcher, Dhanmondi, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Tahmina former Lecturer, Savar Mohila College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Wakil former Vice Chancellor, National University <br />
<br />
* Ahmed, Zia Uddin Professor of Biochemistry, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Ahsan, Manzur Professor of History, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Ahsan, Md Farid Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Ahsan, Nazmul Drama and cultural activist, Khulna <br />
<br />
* Ahsan, Rafiqul Advocate, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Ahsan, Syed Ali former Vice Chancellor, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ahsan, Syed Mohammad Kamrul Professor of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Akand, Mubarak Ali former Director, National Museum of Science and Technology, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Akanda, MA Matin Journalist, Bamna, Barguna <br />
<br />
* Akbar, ASM Rafiqul Deputy Director, ILBBS, National University <br />
<br />
* Akbar, M Ali Archivist, Bangladesh National Archives, Agargaon, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Akbar, Md Ali Research and Education Officer, Bangladesh National Parliament Secretariat, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Akhtar, Shirin Professor (retd) of History, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Akhtaruzzaman, AFM Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Akhtaruzzaman, Md Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Akhter, Nasrin Assistant Editor, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Akhter, Razina Librarian, Bangladesh Shisu Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Akhter, Shahida Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Akhter, Shamima Research Associate, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Akhter, Shamima Researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Akkas, Abu Jar M Senior Staff Correspondent, Weekly Holiday, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Akon, Eunuse Geologist, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission <br />
<br />
* Aksharananda, Swami former General Secretary, Ramkrisna Mission, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Aktar, Bayazid Photojournalist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Alam MN Rotarian, Gulshan, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Alam, AFM Badrul Bangladesh Tea Research Institute, Sreemangal <br />
<br />
* Alam, AKM Khorshed Director, Geological Survey of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Alam, AKM Nurul Director, BIWTA <br />
<br />
* Alam, AKM Nurul Professor of Dawah and Islamic Studies, Islamic University <br />
<br />
* Alam, AKM Tariqul Chief Executive Officer, Bagerhat Municipality, Bagerhat <br />
<br />
* Alam, Aksadul Associate Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Alam, Badiul Department of Bangla, Kalai Degree College, Joypurhat <br />
<br />
* Alam, Badiul Journalist, Cox's Bazar <br />
<br />
* Alam, Jahangir former Director General, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Alam, Jobair Bin Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, BUET <br />
<br />
* Alam, Kazi Rafiqul President, Dhaka Ahsania Mission <br />
<br />
* Alam, M Khairul Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Alam, M Rafiqul Professor, Institute of Fine Arts, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Alam, M Shamsul Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Alam, M Shamsul Professor of Geography and Environment, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Alam, Mahabubul Additional Secretary, Ministry of Establishment, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Alam, Mahbubul former Deputy Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Alam, Mahmood Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Alam, Mamtajur Writer, Birganj, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Alam, Md Jahangir Pakundia, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Alam, Md Jahangir Professor of Entomology, BSMRU, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Alam, Md Jaidul Professor of Bangla, Rajshahi Cadet College <br />
<br />
* Alam, Md Khurshid Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Alam, Md Shafiqul Director (retd) of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh <br />
* Alam, Md Shah Department of Bangla, SK Government College <br />
<br />
* Alam, Md Shariful Department of Computer, Pabna Islamia College <br />
<br />
* Alam, Md Zinnatul Professor of Entomology, BSMRAU, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Alam, Mohd Shamsul Professor of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Alam, Muhammad Shamsul Professor of Bangla, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Alam, Shafiul former Director, BANBEIS, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Alam, Shahida News Editor, Bangladesh Television <br />
* Alam, Sharif Khurshed Exim Bank Limited, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Alamgir, Khoundkar Director of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Alamgir, Mohammad Keeper and In-Charge, Ahsan Manzil Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Al-Ghalib, Muhammad Asadullah Professor of Arabic, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Al-Hadi, Abdul Hai Journalist, Gowainghat, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Ali, AKM Yaqub Professor Emiritus, Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ali, AMM Shawkat former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Ali, Kazi M Hasan Researcher, Nabiganj, Habiganj <br />
<br />
* Ali, M Ibrahim Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Ali, M Idris Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Ali, M Wazed Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ali, M Youssouf Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Hazrat Professor of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Mahtab Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Moksed Writer and researcher, Dohar, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Saber Chemist and curator, Bangladesh National Museum <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Shahadat Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Shahjahan Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Sohrab Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ali, Md Wazed Headmaster (acting), Pabna Zila School <br />
<br />
* Ali, Meer Mobashsher Professor of Architecture, BUET <br />
<br />
* Ali, Muhammad A Rumee Deputy Governor, Bangladesh Bank <br />
<br />
* Ali, Muhammad Ansar Professor (retd) of History, Govt. Jagannath College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ali, Sarwar Bangladesh Medical Association, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ali, Syed Ashraf former DG, Islamic Foundation Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Ali, Syed Salamat Writer and researcher, Mohammadpur, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ali, Zeenat Imtiaz Professor of Linguistics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Amin, Md Nurul Professor of Botany, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Amin, Md Ruhul Associate Professor of Political Science, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Amin, Md Sadrul Professor, Haji Danesh University of Science and Technology, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Amin, Md Shahidul Professor of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology <br />
<br />
* Amin, Muhammad Ruhul Professor of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Amin, Nurul Professor of Bangla, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Amin, Sonia Nishat Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Aminuzzaman, Salahuddin M Professor of Public Administration, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Amran, Syed Mohammed Shah Assistant Director (coordination), Islamic Foundation Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Anisuzzaman, M Professor of Public Administration, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ansari, Firoj Writer and researcher, Jessore <br />
* Anwar, M Tawhidul Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Anwar, Md Shafiq Secretary, National Sports Council, Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Anwar, Syed Farhat Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Anwari, Mohammad Abdur Rahman Professor of Dawah and Islamic Studies, Islamic University <br />
<br />
* Arif, Hakim Associate Professor of Linguistics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Asaduzzaman, Md Assistant Professor of Sociology, Comilla Victoria College <br />
<br />
* Ashraf, Amirul Journalist, Satkania <br />
<br />
* Ashraf, Tanjil Headmaster, Armanitola Government High School, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ashraf, Yasin Writer and researcher, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Avadhuta, Vijayananda Ananda Marga Ashram, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Awwal, Mohammad Abdul Professor (retd) of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Azad, Abul Kalam Deputy General Manager, Bangladesh Bank <br />
<br />
* Azadi, Mohammad Ali Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Azim, Faizul Professor, Institute of Fine Arts, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Aziz, Abdul Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Aziz, Iqbal Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Aziz, KMA Consultant, ICDDR,B, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Aziz, Mohibul Professor of Bangla, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Aziz, Sayed Mahmudul Jahurul Islam Medical College, Bazitpur, Kishorganj <br />
<br />
* Babar, Md Zahir Uddin Journalist, Ramgati, Lakshmipur <br />
<br />
* Babu, Md Haider Ali Journalist, Kaliganj, Lalmonirhat <br />
<br />
* Babu, Prabir Goswami Santhia, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Baby, Sultana Nasrin Cartography Technician, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Bachar, Sitesh Chandra Professor of Medicine Technology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Badal, AKM Amanullah Lawyer, Bhaluka, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Badiuzzaman former Deputy Director, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Badruddoza, Kazi M National Agricultural Research System, BARC, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Bagchi, Tapan Researcher, Bangladesh Press Institute, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Bagchi, Tapan, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
* Bahar, Md Habibullah Vice Principal, Akbar Ali Government College, Ullapara, Sirajganj <br />
<br />
* Baig, Md Azom Deputy Director, ILBBS, National University <br />
<br />
* Bakar, Md Abu Principal, Govt Devendra College, Manikganj <br />
<br />
* Bakr, M Abu former DG, Geological Survey of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Baksha, M Wahed Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Bala, Amrita Lal Department of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Bala, BK Professor of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Bala, Hiralal former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Bala, Swapan Kumar Associate Professor of Accounting and Information System, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bandyopadhyay, Pratap Professor of Sanskrit, Burdwan University, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Bandyopadhyay, Sailesh Kumar Gandhi Smarak Nidhi, New Delhi <br />
<br />
* Banerjee, Dhirendra Nath Reader of Sanskrit, Hooghly College, West Bengal <br />
* Banerjee, Dilip Star Publishing House, 24 Subhas Bose Lane, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Banerjee, Jayanta Reader of Bangla, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Banerjee, Shibnath Bidhannagar, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Banerjee, Shila Writer and researcher, Telenipara, Hooghly <br />
<br />
* Banerjee, Suresh Chandra Professor (retd) of Sanskrit, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Banerji, Sures Chandra Advocate, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Banik, Nandadulal Reader of Bangla, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Banu, Fattah Khurshida Professor, Home Economics College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Banu, Laila Arjumand Principal, Home Economics College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Banu, Nashida Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Banu, Nasim Associate Professor of Political Science, Islamic University <br />
<br />
* Banu, Nasrin Headmistress, Naogaon Zila School <br />
<br />
* Banu, Qamar Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Banu, Sayeda Associate Professor of Bangla, National University <br />
<br />
* Banu, Zinat Mahrukh Keeper, Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Baqi, Muhammad Abdul Professor of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Baqui, Gazi Abdulla-hel Registrar (acting), Khulna University <br />
<br />
* Baqui, MA Geologist, Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company Limited <br />
<br />
* Baqui, Mohammad Abdul Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Bari, MA Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Bari, Muhammad Fazlul Professor of Water Resources Engineering, BUET <br />
<br />
* Bari, Tipu Sultan Harinakunda, Jhenaidah <br />
<br />
* Barman, Harchandra Nageshwari, Kurigram <br />
<br />
* Barua, Rebatapriya Department of Pali, Chittagong Government College <br />
<br />
* Barua, Sukomal Professor of Pali and Buddhist Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Barua, Suman Kanti Associate Professor of Pali and Buddhist Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Barua, Sumangal Professor of Pali and Buddhist Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Barua, Suniti Ranjan Rangunia, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Basak, Bishnupriya Director, Directorate of Archaeology, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Basak, Shila Folklorist, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Bashar, Chapal (Shafiqul Bashar) Journalist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Basu, Nirban Department of History, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Basu, Raj Sekhar Professor of History, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Basu, Ranjit Kumar Writer and researcher, Magura <br />
<br />
* Basunia, Md Motahar Hussain Department of History, Sundarganj DW Degree College, Gaibandha <br />
<br />
* Baten, Mohammad Abu Department of Accounting, Nabinagar Government College, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Baten, Muhammad Abdul Deputy Keeper, Ethnological Museum, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Bautze-Picron, Claudine Associate Scientist, Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, Paris <br />
<br />
* Begum, Ayesha Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Begum, Dilruba Research Officer, ILBBS, National University <br />
<br />
* Begum, Ferdaus Ara Joint Secretary, Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industries <br />
<br />
* Begum, Hamida Akhter Professor of Psychology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Begum, Hosne Ara Headmistress, Azimpur Girls School and College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Begum, Kamrunnesa Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Begum, Khurshida Professor of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Begum, Maleka Headmistress, Khulna Zila School <br />
<br />
* Begum, Musammat Rahima Writer and researcher, Chandpur <br />
<br />
* Begum, Rokeya Akhter Principal (acting), Viquarunnesa Noon School and College <br />
<br />
* Begum, Roquia Professor of Clinical Psychology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Begum, Sahida Assistant Attorney General, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Begum, Sajida Dhanbari, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Begum, Selima Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Begum, Syeda Feroza Gynaecologist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Begum, Syeda Salina Kabi Nazrul Government College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Begum, Yas Bhanu Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Begum, ZN Tahmida Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bhabuk, Prafulla Kumar Associate Professor (retd), Shaheed Suhrawardy College, Pirojpur <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharya, Amarnath Reader of Philosophy, Burdwan University, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharya, Ashok Kumar Professor (retd), Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharya, Deva Priya Fellow, Center for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharya, Dilip Kumar Professor of Pali and Buddhist Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharya, Goureswar Freie University, Berlin, Germany <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharya, Haripada Professor of Marketing, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharya, Ranjit K Director, Anthropological Survey of India <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharyya, Amit Professor of History, Jadavpur University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharyya, Amitabha Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharyya, Narendra Nath Professor, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Bhattacharyya, Pranab Kumar Professor, North Bengal University, Darjeeling <br />
<br />
* Bhouyain, Abdul Maleque Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Bhowmik, Dulal Professor of Sanskrit, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bhowmik, Gopal Chandra Headmaster, Comilla Zila School <br />
<br />
* Bhowmik, Kalpana Deputy Librarian, Dhaka University Library <br />
<br />
* Bhuiya, Badrul Amin Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
* Bhuiya, Md Habibur Rahman Writer, Meghna, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Abdus Salam Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Azizur Rahman Journalist, Nandail, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Golam Kibria Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Iftekhar Uddin Belabo, Narsingdi <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Kamal Uddin Registrar, Comilla University <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Mahmudul Huq Chief Accounts Officer, AGB Office, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Md Abu Taher Journalist, Tank Road, Feni <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Md Abul Kasem Akhaura, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Md Azizur Rahman Writer, Ishwarganj, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Md Mizanur Rahman Department of Soil Science, Khulna University <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Md Zahirul Islam Graphics Designer, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Mokammal H Associate Professor of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Mokkammel Hossain Araihazar, Narail <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Mosharraf Hussain Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Muhammad Masudur Rahman Writer and researcher, Noakhali <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Muhammad Mossarraf Hossain Chandina, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Nurul Islam Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Sultan Mahmud The Aga Khan Education Service, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Bhuiyan, Zakir Hossain Professor of Marketing, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bhutto, Md Zulfiker Ali Sales Officer, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Bijli, Benu Begum Patgram, Lalmonirhat <br />
<br />
* Billah, Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Associate Professor of Persian Languages and Literature, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bipul, Hasan Senior Sub Editor, BD News, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Bishwas, Taposh Kumar Fakirhat Fazilatunnessa Mujib Mohila Degree College, Bagerhat <br />
<br />
* Bishwas, Uzzal Journalist, Banshkhali, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Babul ‘Water Flower’, 50 Purana Paltan Line, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Bananai Researcher and Development Officer, Nagorik Uddyog, Lalmatia, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Jyoti Researcher, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Malabika Professor of Sanskrit, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Narayan Chandra Professor of Sanskrit, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Nikhil Ranjan Professor of Linguistics, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Ranjit Kumar Chairman, Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Shahidul Islam Principal, Agrani School and College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Shakhawat Hossain Headmaster, Jessore Zila School <br />
<br />
* Biswas, Taposh Kumar Lecturer, Institute of Education and Research, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Bose, Debasis Bandel, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Bristow, Glenn A Department of Zoology, Bergen University, Norway <br />
<br />
* Chakma, Niru Kumar Professor of Philosophy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Chakma, Supryo Research Assistant, Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Chakma, Suvra Joti Writer and researcher, Khagrachhari <br />
<br />
* Chakori, Zakerullah Journalist, Chakaria, Cox's Bazar <br />
<br />
* Chakrabarti, Bhaskar Department of History, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Chakrabarti, Kallani Rani Writer, Rajoir, Madaripur <br />
<br />
* Chakrabarti, Prafulla Professor (retd), ISI, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakrabarty, Rachana Professor of History, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Chakrabarty, S Geologist, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Baren Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Dhyaneshnarayan Professor (retd) of Sanskrit, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Gopika Ranjan Lecturer in Bangla, Savar College <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Nirmalya Narayan Department of Philosophy, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Ratan Lal Professor (retd) of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Satyanarayan Professor of Sanskrit, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Sharmi Geologist, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Subhash Chandra Professor of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Chakraborty, Tapan Kumar Advocate, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Chakravarti, Barun Kumar Folklorist, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakravarti, Ranabir Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi <br />
<br />
* Chakravarti, Shyamal Kanti Director, Indian Museum, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chakrobarty, Mridul Kanti Professor of Theatre and Music, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Champa, Masuma Sultana Writer and researcher, Tongibari, Munshiganj <br />
<br />
* Chand, Ahmad Hossain Writer and researcher, Pirgachha, Rangpur <br />
<br />
* Chanda, Jiban Kumar Department of Economics, Azmiriganj College, Habiganj <br />
<br />
* Chandan, Md Hamidul Haque Writer and researcher, Bonarpara, Gaibandha <br />
<br />
* Chattarjee, Ratnabali Department of Islamic History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Chatterjee, Anjali Kamala Nehru College, New Delhi <br />
<br />
* Chatterjee, Basudeb Department of History, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Chattopadhyay, Pranab K Centre for Archaeological Studies and Training, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chattopadhyay, Rupendra Kumar Department of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Chattopadhyay, Sunil Kumar Professor, Serampore College, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Chaudhuri, Indrajit Deputy Chief Editor, Ananda Bazar Patrika, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chaudhuri, Tripti Professor of History, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chaudhury, A Quadir Managing Director, Phoenix Securities Limited, Dilkusha, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Chaudhury, Binayendra Asiatic Society, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chaudhury, Sushil Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Chawdhury, Shagata Researcher, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Ching, Mongchen Journalist, Mahalchhari, Khagrachhari <br />
<br />
* Chisti, AA Sheikh Md Asrarul Hoque Department of Islamic History and Culture, Manikganj Govt. Mohila College <br />
<br />
* Choudhury, Basanti Researcher on Vaisnavism and Vedanta Philosophy, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Choudhury, Dilara Professor of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Choudhury, MI Professor, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Choudhury, Nurul Hossain Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Choudhury, Shafiqur Rahman 5/1 (4B), Rupnagar Residential Area, Mirpur, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Choudhury, Vishwadev Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Abdul Momin former Vice Chancellor, National University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, ABM Rafiqul Kader Satkania, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Abul Qasem Professor (retd), Department of Bangla, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Achinta Ray Writer and researcher, Boalmari, Faridpur <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Ahmed Amin Assistant Police Super, Special Branch, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, AKAH Managing Director, Bangladesh General Insurance Company Limited <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Akhtar Uddin Department of Political Science, B M College, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Akhtarunnessa Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Alok Ghosh Writer and researcher, Sunamganj <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Amirul Islam former Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Ashraf Uddin Professor of Economics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, AU Haider Department of Political Science, Alfadanga Adarsha Degree College, Faridpur <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Dewan Nural Anwar Hussain former Joint Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Gopal Dev Journalist, Sreemangal, Maulvibazar <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, M Lutfar Rahman General Manager, Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company Limited <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Mahfuza Principal, Eden Mohila College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Mahmood Alam Executive Vice President, Mercantile Bank Limited, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Manjula Professor of Linguistics, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Masud Hasan Assistant Editor, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Md Abu Rassel Kasba, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Md Farruk Ahmed Journalist, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Md Giasuddin Ahmed Director, Bangladesh Water Development Board <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Md Jahan Ullah Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, MKI Quayyum Head of Orthopedics, BIRDEM <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Momen Folklorist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Morshed Director of Health, Gonoshasthya Kendra <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Munibur Rahman Professor of Mathematics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Mustafa Researcher, Canada <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Rafia Akter Researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Saifuddin Professor of Folklore, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Satyajit Professor, Naihati, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Sayed Md Abdullah Al Mamun Golapbag, Jamalpur <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Shamsuddoha Sonargaon, Narayanganj <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Shimul Kumar Journalist, Sitakunda, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Sifatul Quader Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Sima Roy Fellow, Centre for Archaeological Studies, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Tawheed Hossain Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Vasant Numismatist, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Chowdhury, Wazed Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Copf, David Professor of History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA <br />
<br />
* Costa, Benjamin Principal, Notre Dame College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* D’Silva, Joseph Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Das, Bidhan Chandra Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Das, Dipak Ranjan Department of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Das, DK Writer and researcher, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Das, Gopal Krishna Director of Archaeology, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Das, Gour Pada Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Das, Kali Prasanna Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Savar College <br />
<br />
* Das, Nani Gopal Professor, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Das, Rabindranath Bauphal, Patuakhali <br />
<br />
* Das, Ranjit Kumar Sruti Cultural Academy, Narayanganj <br />
<br />
* Das, Sanjay Kishore Journalist, Panchhari, Khagrachhari <br />
<br />
* Das, Sanjib Kanti Freelance Artist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Das, Shankar Lal Journalist, Galachipa, Patuakhali <br />
<br />
* Das, Subash Chandra Professor of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Das, Suranjan Vice Chancellor, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Das, Tushar Kanti Headmaster (acting), Patiya Adarsha Uchcha Bidyalaya <br />
<br />
* Dasgupta, Sanjukta Professor of Anthropology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Dasgupta, Uma Professor, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Dash, Bivash Journalist, Chitalmari, Bagerhat <br />
<br />
* Dastidar, Shipra Professor of Bangla, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Datta, Asok Writer and researcher, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* De, Amalendu Professor of History, Jadavpur University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* De, Sachchida Nanda Journalist, Kaliganj, Satkhira <br />
* De, Tapan Kumar Delduar, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Deb, Apurba Krishna Community Development Centre, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Debnath, Samaresh Senior Publication Officer, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Dev, Milton Kumar Assistant Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Dev, Sujon Kumar Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Dey, Sunil Kanti Associate Professor, School of Education, Bangladesh Open University <br />
<br />
* Dhar, Gawranga Chandra Muradnagar, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Dhar, Nirmalendu Advocate, Bangladesh Supreme Court, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Dhar, Partha Protim Raozan, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Didar-ul-Alam, Md Professor of Soil, Water and Environment Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Dio, Selmon H Professor, Adventist University and Seminary of Bangladesh, Kaliakair, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Doha, S Foundation for Research on Educational Planning and Development, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Dugar, Prodip Chand Associate Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Dutta, Abhijit Department of History, Jadavpur University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Ehsan, Mohammad Assistant Professor of Public Administration, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ehsan, Sirajul Journalist, Madhukhali, Faridpur <br />
<br />
* Ehsanullah, M Managing Director, Bangladesh Gas Fields Company Limited, Petrobangla <br />
<br />
* Ekram, ARM Saifuddin Rajshahi Medical College <br />
<br />
* Elahi, K Moudud Professor of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Elias, Md Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Entajuddin, Md Writer, Gurudaspur, Natore <br />
<br />
* Eusuf, Muhammad Professor of Arabic, Dhaka University <br />
* Faiquzzaman, Mohammad Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Faiz, Md Abul Chittagong Medical College <br />
<br />
* Farooq, AKM former Ambassador, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Farooque, Md Abu Hasan Journalist, Meherpur <br />
<br />
* Faroqi, Gofran Assistant Director, RPATC, New Eskaton, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Faruq, Shajahan Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Faruque, HS Mozaddad Director General, Water Resources Planning Organisation (WARPO) <br />
<br />
* Faruqui, Md Yunus Headmaster, Mymensingh Zila School <br />
<br />
* Fattah, Kazi Abdul Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Fauzia, Reenat Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Fida, Quazi Abul former Chief Engineer, Bangladesh Railway <br />
<br />
* Firoj, Moazzem Hussain Department of Bangla, Govt. Rajendra College, Faridpur <br />
<br />
* Firoz, Rawsan Ara Professor of Philosophy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Forbes, Geraldine Professor of History, State University of New York, USA <br />
<br />
* Gaffar, Md Abdul Department of Botany, Thakurgaon Government College <br />
<br />
* Gain, Shapan Writer and researcher, Gopalganj <br />
<br />
* Gangopadhyay, Kaushik Researcher, Salt Lake, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Gangopadhyay, Mrinal Kanti Professor of Sanskrit, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Ghani, Abdul Professor of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Ghani, M Osman Department of Islamic History and Culture, Thakurgaon Government College <br />
<br />
* Ghosh, Biswajit Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ghosh, Jagadish Chandra Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Ghosh, Monoranjan Researcher (Sanskrit), Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ghosh, Nripen Christian Mission Hospital, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Ghosh, Prodyot Reader of Bangla, Maldah College, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Ghosh, Ratan Tanu Department of Social Welfare, Mohammadpur Central College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ghosh, Suchandra Associate Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Ghuznavi, SR Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Gibran, Soaib Ahmed Lecturer, Bangla School of Education, Bangladesh Open University <br />
<br />
* Goldar, Md Ashraful Islam Writer and researcher, Rupsa, Khulna <br />
<br />
* Gomej, Rani Cathrine Headmistress (acting), Holy Cross Girls' High School, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Goswami, Niranjan Asutosh Museum, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Guha, Bimal Inspector of Colleges, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Guha, DK former General Manager, Petrobangla <br />
<br />
* Habib, Ahsan Journalist, Mehendiganj, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Habib, Farid Assistant Chief of Naval Staff, Naval Headquarters, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Habib, Khaleda former Principal, Udayan Uchcha Madhyamik Bidyalaya, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Habib, Md Ahsan Department of History, Barrister Jamiruddin Sircar Collegiate Institution, Panchagarh <br />
<br />
* Habib, Md Ahsan Department of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Habib, Md Ghulam Forest Department, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Habib, Md Wahidul Assistant Professor, Narayanganj College <br />
<br />
* Habibullah, M Professor (retd) of Accounting and Information Systems, Dhaka University <br />
* Habibullah, Md Sujanagar, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Hadi, Mohammad Abdul Cartographer and GIS Specialist, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Hadiuzzaman, Syed Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hai, KMA Humayun former Specialist, World Bank <br />
* Hai, M Abdul Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Hai, Sarkar Abdul Gabtali, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Hai, Tasneem Hasan Executive Director, Human Development Fundation, Mohammadpur, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haider, ARM Ali Professor of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Haider, Keya Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Haider, Mohammed Towfiqul Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Haider, Moni Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haider, SZ Professor (retd) of Chemistry, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hakim, Md Abdul Chilmari, Kurigram <br />
<br />
* Hakim, Md Abdul Zakiganj, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Haldar, Poritosh Department of Political Science, Muksudpur College, Gopalganj <br />
<br />
* Halder, Apurbalal Shahid Abdur Rob Serniabat Degree College, Agailjhara, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Halder, Shashwati Researcher, Canada <br />
<br />
* Halder, Swapon Kumar Christian Mission Hospital, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Halim, MA Professor of International Relations, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hamid, MA Joint Director, Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development <br />
<br />
* Hannan, Md Abdul Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hannan, Mohammad Abdul Associate Professor of Law and Justice, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Hannan, Muhammad Director, Press Institute of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Haq, Amanul Dance Director, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haq, Enamul former DG, Bangladesh Betar and Bangladesh Television <br />
<br />
* Haq, Fahmidul Assistant Professor of Mass Communication and Journalism, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Haq, Kaiser M Hamidul, Professor of English, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Haq, Khandker Muzammil Department of Bangla, Jahangirnagar University <br />
* Haq, Mahabubul Visual Editor, Daily Kaler Kantho, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haq, Mahbubul Professor of Bangla, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Haq, Md Azizul Writer and researcher, Joypurhat <br />
<br />
* Haq, Md Habibul Seed Certification Agency, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Haq, Md Nazmul Writer and researcher, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Haq, Mir Moinul Senior GM, Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company Limited <br />
<br />
* Haq, Parveen Professor of Psychology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Haq, Shahidul Professor (retd) of Economics, Govt Nazimuddin College, Madaripur <br />
<br />
* Haque, AKM Aminul Professor, Lalmatia, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haque, AKM Khademul Assistant Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Haque, Amanul Photographer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haque, Khondkar Sirajul Professor of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Haque, M Inamul Chairman, Institute of Water and Environment, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haque, M Nazrul Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haque, Mahbubul Professor of Bangla, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Haque, Majedul Gosairhat, Shariatpur <br />
<br />
* Haque, Md Anwarul Department of History, Rajshahi Govt. College <br />
<br />
* Haque, Md Azizul Professor of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Haque, Miah Md Sirajul Scientist (retd), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission <br />
<br />
* Haque, Muhammad Lutful Colonel (retd), Bangladesh Army <br />
<br />
* Haque, Syed Azizul National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Haroon, AK Yousuf Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Chandpur <br />
<br />
* Harun, Jasimuddin Journalist, Agrabad, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Harun-or-Rashid Professor of Political Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Harun-or-Rashid, Mirza Professor (retd) of Bangla, Jagannath Government College <br />
<br />
* Harun-ur-Rashid, Md Professor of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hasan, AKM Reazul Department of Political Science, Sherpur Government College <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Asadullah Mamun Department of Bangla, Islamia College, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Delwar Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Kamrul Writer and researcher, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Khandakar Mahmudul Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Laila Dance performer, Dhaka <br />
* Hasan, Manzoor Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Md Abul Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Md Mahmudul Assistant Professor of English, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Md Nazmul Soil Resources Development Institute, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Mohammad Kabirul Assistant Director, University Grants Commission, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Perween Professor (retd) of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hasan, S Rizwana Director, Bangladesh Environment Lawyers Association <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Sheikh Mehedi Journalist and writer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Syed Mehedi Physician, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Hasan, Syed Rashidul Professor of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hasanuzzaman, Al Masud Professor of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Hasanuzzaman, SM Agricultural Scientist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hashem, Md Abul Professor of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Hashem, Muhammad Abul Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hashmi, Tajul Islam Professor, Independent University of Bangladesh, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hasnat, Abul Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hassan, M Qumrul Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hassan, Md Shahidul Lecturer in History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hassan, Md Zahidul Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Hassan, Mir Muhammad former Director, Soil Resources Development Institute <br />
<br />
* Hawlader, Abdul Jabber Professor of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Hayat, Anupam former Public Information Officer, Trading Corporation of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Hefazuddin, Sheikh Professor of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Helal, Bashir Al former Director, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Helali, Maksud Professor of Mechanical Engineering, BUET <br />
<br />
* Helali, Md Harun Rashid Lalmohan, Bhola <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Baharul Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Kazi Ebadul Justice (retd), Appellate Division, Bangladesh Supreme Court <br />
<br />
* Hoque, M Inamul Professor (retd) of Islamic History and Culture, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Md Imdadul Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Mohammad Mozammel Professor of Archaeology, Jahangirnar University <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Monirul Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Quazi Reza-Ul Assistant Attorney General, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Rashimul Physician, Kalkini, Madaripur <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Sanaul Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Sirajul Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hoque, Sydul Accounts Officer, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Hossain, ABM Enayet Professor of Botany, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Abu Md Delwar Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, AHM Mujtaba Professor of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Ahmed Journalist, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Hossain, AKM Yakub Principal (retd), Madrasa-e-Alia, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Amjad Journalist, Khulna <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Ashfaque Associate Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, ATM Zayed Lecturer in History, Kumudini Govt. College, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Ayub Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Belayet Professor of Marketing, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Billal Writer and researcher, Bhedarganj, Shariatpur <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Delwar Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute, Ishwardi <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Dildar Journalist, Phulgazi, Feni <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Hameeda Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Khandakar Akhter Commander Engineer, Bangladesh Navy <br />
<br />
* Hossain, M Altaf Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Abul Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Alamgir Bangladesh Water Development Board, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Ali Department of English, Kaharole Mohila Degree College, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Anawar Associate Professor of Social Welfare, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Anawar Programmer, National University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Anwar Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar Univeristy <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Faruque Research Associate, Celebration of 400 Years Capital City Dhaka Project, ASB <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Kabir Department of Statistics, Shachindra College, Habiganj <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Kamal Department of History, Kurigram Government Mohila College <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Monsur Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Mukbil IT Officer, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh<br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Murad Writer and researcher, Mujibnagar, Meherpur <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Sazzad Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Shahadat former Director, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Shakhawat Journalist, Lalmohan, Bhola <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Md Zakir Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Mofazzal Director and Chief Public Relation Officer, Bangladesh Sadharan Bima Corporation <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Mohammad Nur Writer and researcher, Ramganj, Lakshmipur <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Mohsin Researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Monira Associate Professor, School of Education, Bangladesh Open University <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Mozaffar Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Mustafa Deputy Director, Directorate of Family Planning <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Sawkat Chairman, Bangladesh Patshilpa Sanrakshan O Unnayan Kendra, Dhaka <br />
* Hossain, Selina former Director, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Shamsul former Deputy Curator, Chittagong University Museum <br />
<br />
* Hossain, SM Altaf Hatibandha, Lakshmipur <br />
<br />
* Hossain, SM Monowar Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Hossain, T formar Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Tahmina Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Urmee Research Associate, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Hossain, Zahid former Member, Board of Investment <br />
<br />
* Howladar, AR Professor, Palmist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Howlader, Abdul Awal Additional Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Howlader, Shamsul Haq Department of Bangla, Bikrampur KB Degree College, Munshiganj <br />
<br />
* Huda, KM Nurul Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Huda, Shahnaz Professor of Law, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Huda, Shamsul former Executive Director, Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Huq, Aminul former Joint Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Huq, Fazlul Executive Director, BLAST <br />
<br />
* Huq, Husniara Professor (retd) of English, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Huq, M Enamul Researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Huq, M Muzaherul Professor, Centre for Medical Education, Mohakhali, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Huq, Md Ramjul Professor of International Relations, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Huq, Mofidul Trustee, Liberation War Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Huq, Mohammad Daniul Professor of Bangla, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Huq, Naznin Afrose Professor of Geography and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Huq, Sayyid Fazlul Professor, Cancer Foundation, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Huq, Sharmin Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Huq, SM Imamul Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Huq, Syed Azizul Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Huq, Syed Mainul Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Huque, Quazi M Emdadul Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Husain, ABM Professor Emiritus, Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Husain, Shawkat Ara Professor of Political Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Akmal Professor of International Relations, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Billal Islamic Studies, Abdur Razzak Municipal College, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Hussain, M Ashraf Professor of Dental Surgery, Bangabandhu Shekh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Hussain, M Delwar Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hussain, M Sahul former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Md Mobashwer Writer and researcher, Nangalkot, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Md Sultan Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Motahar former Additional Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Muhammed Professor, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Shahanara Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Shawkat Professor of English, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Hussain, Zakir Writer and researcher, Manpura, Bhola <br />
<br />
* Hye, Mohammad Abdul Researcher and cultural activist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ibrahim, Abu Muhammad Soil and Agriculture Specialist, EGIS, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Ibrahim, Mohammad Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Iliasuddin, Md Department of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ilu, Md Mamtajur Alam Birganj, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Imam, Abu Professor (retd) of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Imam, Badrul Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Imam, Syed Ali Professor of History, Dhaka College <br />
<br />
* Inam, Muhammad Ibne Professor (retd) of History, Dhaka College <br />
<br />
* Iqbal, M Anwar Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Iqbal, Md Ashik Officer, Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited <br />
<br />
* Iqbal, Shahriyar ZR former DG, Bangladesh Television <br />
<br />
* Islam, AKM Mazharul Lecturer in Anthropology, Shahajalal University of Science and Technology <br />
<br />
* Islam, AKM Nurul Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, AKM Rafiul Professor of Botany, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Aminul former Vice Chancellor, National University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Aminul Professor of Philosophy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Arifa Department of English, Major Mahamudul Hasan Adarsha College, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Islam, Asha Associate Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Ashraful Deputy Director of Town Planning, RAJUK <br />
<br />
* Islam, ASM Jahurul District Judge, Women and Children Repression Prevention Tribunal, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Islam, AWM Shamsul Professor of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Azhar Director, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Azharul Researcher, Fulbaria, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Islam, Azizun Nahar Professor of Philosophy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Gazi Shaidul Journalist, Dashmina, Patuakhali <br />
<br />
* Islam, GM Rabiul Manirampur, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Islam, Kamrul Researcher, Sirajganj <br />
<br />
* Islam, Kazi Nazmul Madaripur <br />
* Islam, Kazi Nurul Professor of World Religions and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Khaleda Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Khondkar Sirajul Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, KM Saiful Hizla, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Aminul former Vice Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Aminul SDA, UNDP, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Amirul former DG, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute <br />
* Islam, M Ataharul Professor of Statistics, Biostatistics and Informatics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Mazharul Professor of Statistics, Biostatistics and Informatics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Mofakharul former Vice Chancellor, National University <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Nurul Department of Entomology, BSMRAU, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Shamsul Banani, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Sirajul Banani, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, M Zakiul Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Mahmuda Professor of Women and Gender Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Mahmudul Attorney General, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Islam, Manu East Kazipara, Mirpur, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Mazharul Programme Manager, Bangladesh Freedom Foundation <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Anisul Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Anwarul Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Asadul Writer, Bagmara, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Ashraful Director, BKSP, Savar <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Ebadul Headmaster (acting), Jhenaidah Government High School <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Mazharul Writer, Homna, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Nazrul Assistant Director, Directorate of Non-Formal Education, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Nazrul Journalist, Kapasia, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Nurul Department of Food Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Rabiul Professor of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Rafiqul Doctors Lab, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Rafiqul Writer, Kazipur, Sirajganj <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Ruhul Writer and researcher, Paba, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Saiful Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Saiful Professor of Theatre and Music, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Saiful Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Serajul Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Serajul Land Resources Specialist, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Serajul Uttara, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Shahidul Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Shariful Assistant Keeper, Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Sirajul Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation <br />
* Islam, Md Sirajul Writer, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Wahedul Professor, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md Zahidul Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation <br />
<br />
* Islam, Md. Shariful Writer, Rajbari <br />
<br />
* Islam, MS Banani, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Muhammad Ashraful Taxation Department, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Muhammad Saiful Assistant Director, Research Division, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Muzahidul Professor of Banking, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Nazrul Professor of Political Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Nazrul former Chairman, University Grants Commission <br />
<br />
* Islam, Rafiqul First Secretary, National Board of Revenue <br />
<br />
* Islam, Rafiqul Major (retd), Bangladesh Army <br />
<br />
* Islam, Rafiqul Professor of Linguistics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Rafiqul Professor of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, S Aminul Professor of Sociology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Shafiqul Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Islam, Shahidul Professor of Chemistry, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Shahidul Shibganj, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Islam, Sirajul Bureau Chief, Jai Jai Din, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Islam, Sirajul Chief Editor, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Islam, Sk Aminul Geologist, Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company Limited <br />
<br />
* Islam, SM Monowarul Eye Specialist, Eye Centre, Riyad, Saudi Arabia <br />
<br />
* Islam, Syed Manzoorul Professor of English, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Islam, Tasiqul Department of Bangla, Shah Makhdum College, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Islam, Zahidul Physician, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Islam, Zahirul Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Jafar, Abu former Chief Information Officer, PID, Ministry of Information <br />
<br />
* Jaglul, Nuruddin Companyganj, Noakhali <br />
<br />
* Jahan, Md Sarwar Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Jahan, Shahnaj Husne Professor of General Education, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Jahangir, Saurav Itna, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Jahangir, SMAK Patiya, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Jahangiri, Mahmood Nasir Department of Bangla, Mirpur College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Jalaluddin, M Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Jalaluddin, Mohammad Journalist, Shibganj, Nawabganj <br />
<br />
* Jalil, Abdul Chaugachha, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Jalil, Muhammad Abdul Professor of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Jasimuddin, AKM Barura, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Jasimuddin, AKM Shahjahanpur, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Jasimuddin, Mohammad Department of Economics, Maheshkhali College, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Jengcham, Subhash Writer and researcher, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Jerin, Iffat Department of History, Patuakhali Government College <br />
<br />
* Johiruddin, Md Graphic Designer, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* John, Zillur Rahman Mimeist researcher and cultural activist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Jones, Aled George Professor, University of Wales, UK <br />
<br />
* Jubayar, Shamim KM Maqsudur Rahman Trust, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Abu Sufian Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Ahmad Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Anwara Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Ekramul Engineer, CARE, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Farah Country Director, ActionAid Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Md Enamul Senior Assistant Superintendent of Police, Bangladesh Police Academy, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Md Golam Professor of Botany, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Kabir, Muhammad Shahinul Senior Programmer, National University <br />
<br />
* Kabir, SM Humayun Professor (retd) of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kabirullah, M BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Kader, Md Abdul Professor, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Kader, Rozina SSHL Department, Bangladesh Open University <br />
<br />
* Kader, Safiqul Department of Islamic History and Culture, Abdur Rahman Degree College, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Kahaly, Aniruddha Associate Professor of Bangla, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Kaisaruzzaman, AKM Department of History, Durgapur College, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Kaiser, Md Writer, Bhuapur, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Kalim, Jabed Geographer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Kamal, Ahmed Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kamal, AKM Mesbah Uddin Bajitpur, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Kamal, Begum Akter Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kamal, HM Khalid Writer, Bagerhat <br />
<br />
* Kamal, Khalid Hasan Teacher of Theatre and Music, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kamal, Md Monir Hossain Journalist, Barguna <br />
<br />
* Kamal, Mesbah Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kamal, Mohammad Mostafa Associate Professor of History, Chittagong Govt College <br />
<br />
* Kamaluddin, Mohammad Department of Radiotherapy, Mymensingh Medical College <br />
<br />
* Kamruzzaman, Md Writer, Khoksa, Kushtia <br />
<br />
* Kaniz-e-Butool Professor of Urdu, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Karim, Abdul former Vice Chancellor, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Karim, Anwarul Professor of Bangla, Islamic University <br />
<br />
* Karim, ASM Enayet former Director, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Karim, BM Rejaul Department of Bangla, Satkhira College <br />
<br />
* Karim, Faiz Research Associate, BRAC <br />
<br />
* Karim, KM former Director, Bangladesh National Archives and Library, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Karim, Md Jahurul Professor of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Karim, Mohammad Rezaul Sadharan Bima Corporation, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Karim, Rezaul former Deputy Keeper, Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Karim, Riasat Writer, Domar, Nilphamari <br />
<br />
* Karmaker, Shamal Chandra Lecturer in Statistics, Biostatistics and Informatics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kashem, Kazi Abul Executive Director, Anjuman Mufidul Islam, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Kashem, M Abul Professor, Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Kashemi, Ahmmad Ullah Chauhali, Sirajganj <br />
<br />
* Kazari, Sharifun Nahar Researcher and writer <br />
* Khabiruzzaman, Md Trishal Mohila Degree College, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Khair, Abul Professor of Botany, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Khair, Sumaiya Professor of Law, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khaleque, Md Abdul Principal, Homna College, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Khaleque, Md Abdul Sharsha, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Khan, Abdul Awal former Dean, School of Business, Bangladesh Open University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Abdul Mabud Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Abdul Majeed former Minister, Bangladesh Government <br />
<br />
* Khan, Abu Sayeed Assistant Editor, Daily Manabzamin <br />
<br />
* Khan, Abul Hasem Kendua, Netrokona <br />
<br />
* Khan, Abul Khair Chandpur Government Mohila College <br />
<br />
* Khan, Abul Quasem Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Aftab Alam Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Akhtar Husain Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Ali Reza Curator, Dubai Zoo, United Arab Emirates <br />
<br />
* Khan, ANM Abdul Mannan Professor (retd) of Arabic, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Ayub Professor of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Benjeen Journalist, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Khan, BR Professor of History, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Humayun Reza Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Ishtiaque Ahmed Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited <br />
<br />
* Khan, Jainal Abedin KB Degree College, Munsiganj <br />
<br />
* Khan, M Hassan Zaman Principal, Marine Fisheries Academy <br />
<br />
* Khan, Mahbubar Rahman Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Mamunul Haque USAID, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Masudur Rahman Upazila Secondary Education Officer, Belabo, Narsingdi <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Akhter Hossain Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Ataur Rahman Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Enamul Haque Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Habibur Rahman Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Harunor Rashid Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Kamrul Alam Department of Physics, Government Bangla College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Kamruzzaman Principal, Dhaka Residential Model College, Mohammadpur <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Omar Faruk Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Salar Professor, Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Shahidullah Writer, Ishwardi, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Shajahan Journalist, Madaripur <br />
<br />
* Khan, Md Shamsul Alam Chief Accounts Officer, Ministry of Education, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Khan, Mizan R SEMP, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Khan, Mobarak Hossain former DG, Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy <br />
<br />
* Khan, Mofakkhar Hossain Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada <br />
<br />
* Khan, Monayem Journalist, Raiganj, Sirajganj <br />
<br />
* Khan, Monirul Islam Professor of Sociology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Muazzam Hussain Principal (retd), Gazaria Government College, Munshiganj <br />
<br />
* Khan, Muhammad Fariduddin Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Khan, Muhammad Hafizullah Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Muhammad Tofazzel Hussain Tarail, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Khan, Muin-ud-Din Ahmad Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Mujibur Rahman former DG, Geological Survey of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Khan, Nazrul Islam BILS, Dhanmondi, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Niaz Ahmed Department of Public Administration, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Nurur Rahman Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Sadat Ullah Researcher and writer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Saleh Athar Department of History, Sylhet Govt. College <br />
<br />
* Khan, Saleh Uddin Lt Colonel, Bangladesh Army <br />
<br />
* Khan, Sanjida Lecturer in English, King Khaled University, Saudi Arabia <br />
<br />
* Khan, Sayed Ahmed General Manager (research), Bangladesh Bank <br />
<br />
* Khan, Sayed Mustaba Ahmad Daulatkhan College, Bhola <br />
<br />
* Khan, Sayeed Ahmed Writer and researcher, Chandpur <br />
<br />
* Khan, Sharif Researcher and birds specialist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khan, Shawal Intormation and Publication Officer, Directorate of NFI, Bangladesh Government <br />
<br />
* Khan, Suruj Journalist, Manikganj <br />
<br />
* Khan, Taksim A Managing Director, Dhaka WASA <br />
<br />
* Khan, TH Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khan, Ushasi Eashika Writer and researcher, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Khan, Yusuf Sharif Ahmed Professor, Institute of Marine Science, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Khanam, Mahfuza Vice President, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Khanam, Mobashera Associate Professor of English, National University <br />
<br />
* Khanam, Tahmida Research Assistant, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Khandakar, Khurshida UNDP, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khandakar, Md Abu Taher Bangladesh Water Development Board <br />
<br />
* Khanum, Nazia Writer and researcher, Luton, England <br />
<br />
* Khanum, Sultana Mustafa Professor of Sociology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Khatun, Habiba Professor (retd) of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khatun, Hafiza Professor of Geography and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khatun, Halima Headmistress, Jamalpur Zila School <br />
<br />
* Khatun, Sanjida Professor (retd) of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khatun, Shahida Assistant Director, Folklore Division, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Khatun, Sharifa Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Khatun, Syeda Mahmuda ILBBS, National University <br />
<br />
* Khettry, Sarita Research Fellow, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Khondker, Moniruzzaman Professor of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Kibria, Arifatul Research Assistant, Rural Development Center, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Kibria, Golam former DG, Bangladesh Shishu Academy <br />
<br />
* Kibria, Md Faysal Writer and researcher, Chuadanga <br />
<br />
* Kutubi, Md Wajed Ali Writer, Kutubdia, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Lahiry, Arun Kumar Rural Electrification Board, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Laird, Michael A Professor, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UK <br />
<br />
* Laky, Zaeed Hussain Journalist, Nagarkanda, Faridpur <br />
<br />
* Laskar, ABM Masud Journalist, Madhabpur, Habiganj <br />
<br />
* Latif, M Abdul Directorate of Agricultural Extension, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Latif, Md Abdul Sher-e-Bangla Medical College, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Latif, SM Abdul Professor of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Lavlu, Md Nizam Uddin Ramgarh, Khagrachhari <br />
<br />
* Lipi, Jahanara Akhter Writer, Noakhali <br />
<br />
* Litu, Shekh Muhammad Sayed Ullah journalist, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Lohani, Kamal Dance researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mahanta, Bibekananda Journalist, Jaldhaka, Nilphamari <br />
<br />
* Mahbub, Khan Proprietor, Palol Publication, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mahbub, MR Executive Director, The Generation Foundation, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mahin, Mahiuddin Hossain Journalist, Chhagalnaiya, Feni <br />
<br />
* Mahmood, ABM Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mahmood, Nuruddin Professor, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Mahmud, AK Deputy Director of Planning and Development, Power Development Board <br />
<br />
* Mahmud, Anik Department of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Mahmud, Faisal President, Aurony Mohona International, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mahmud, Firoz Consultant, Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mahmud, Nazimuddin Writer and researcher, Lakshmipur <br />
<br />
* Mahmuda, Siddiqa Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mahmuduzzaman, Mohammed Editor, Roots, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mainuddin, Md Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Maiti, Nandalal Mathematician, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Majid, Eshraqul House 69, Road 6, Sector 4, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Majlis, Najma Khan Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Majnu, Abu Naser Researcher, Magura <br />
<br />
* Majumdar, Manas Reader of Bangla, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Majumder, M Zahidur Rahman Atomic Energy Research Centre, Savar, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Majumder, Shantanu Assistant Professor of Political Science, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Maksud, Syed Abul Writer, researcher and journalist <br />
<br />
* Malek, Md Abdul Taraganj, Rangpur <br />
<br />
* Mallik, Sandipak Writer and researcher, Khulna <br />
<br />
* Mallik, Tripti Mohan Writer and researcher, Satkhira <br />
<br />
* Mallik, Wahida Assosiate Professor of Theatre, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mamoon, Muntassir Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mamtaz, Ahmad Journalist, Mirsarai, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Mamun, Abdullah-Al EGIS, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mandal, Chittaranjan Mahadevpur, Naogaon <br />
<br />
* Mandal, Krishnapad Musician, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mandal, Manaranjan Harirampur, Manikganj <br />
<br />
* Mandal, Paresh Chandra Professor of Sanskrit, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Maniruzzaman, Muhammad Department of Islamic History and Culture, Carmichael College, Rangpur <br />
<br />
* Manjur, Md Abul Lohagara, Narail <br />
<br />
* Mannan, AKM Abdul Professor of Dairy Sciences, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Mannan, Mohammad Abdul Bangladesh National Nutrition Council, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mansur, Abul Professor, Institute of Fine Arts, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Mantu, Saidul Islam Journalist, Betagi, Barguna <br />
<br />
* Marshall, PJ Professor (retd) of History, King's College, London University, UK <br />
<br />
* Marufuzzaman, Syed Purbadhala, Netrokona <br />
<br />
* Mashreque, Md Shairul Professor of Public Administration, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Matin, AKM Abdul Professor, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Matin, Md Abdul Noakhali Zila School <br />
<br />
* Mazid, Ali Reza Mohammad Abdul Principal, Rajshahi Govt College <br />
<br />
* Mazid, Muhammad Abdul former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Mazumdar, Madhumita Department of History, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Mazumdar, Parimal Principal, Narail Victoria College <br />
<br />
* Mazumder, Farid Ahmed Shahrasti, Chandpur <br />
<br />
* Mesbahuddin, Mir Department of Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheiklh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mesbah-us-Saleheen Pro Vice Chancellor, Prime University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mia, Md Ismail Professor of Zoology, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Mia, Md Tawhid Department of Physics, Al-hajj Amzad Hossain College, Rajbari <br />
<br />
* Miah, M Abdul Hamid Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Miah, Md Majiruddin Professor of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Miah, Md Muslem Uddin CSO, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council <br />
<br />
* Miah, Mohammad Ayub Deputy Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Miah, Muhammad Abdul Kader Lecturer in Criminology and Police Science, Maulana Bhashani University of Science and Technology <br />
<br />
* Miah, Sajahan Professor of Philosophy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mian, Md Shamsul Hoque Dhaka Commerce College <br />
<br />
* Milton, Sakil Ahmed Shahriar Journalist, Sherpur <br />
<br />
* Misra, Chitta Ranjan Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Mitra, Pratip Kumar Keeper, State Archaeological Museum, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Modak, Gautam Chandra Rajasthali, Rangamati <br />
<br />
* Mofizuddin, Mohammad Shaheed Smriti Degree College, Akhaura, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Mohammad, Belal Columnist, organiser of Swadhin Bangla Beter Kendra <br />
<br />
* Mohammad, Hasan Professor of Political Science, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra Senior Officer, Pubali Bank Limited <br />
<br />
* Mohebbullah, Md Harinakunda, Jhenaidaha <br />
<br />
* Mohibullah, AKM Bangabandhu Sheiklh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mohiuddin, KM Associate Professor of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Mohsin, Amena Professor of International Relations, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mohsin, KM former Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mojumder, Abu Taher Professor (retd) of English, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Molla, Md Abdus Sattar Chandpur Government College <br />
<br />
* Molla, Md Alauddin Journalist, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Molla, Md Tuhin Jamuna Bank Limited, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mollah, Md Lokman Hossain Secretary, Bangladesh Road Transport Authority <br />
* Momtaz, Ahmed Bangla College, Mirpur, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Momtaz, Ahmed Journalist, Mirsharai, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Mondal, Rajib Kumar Research Assistant, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Mondal, Rameswar Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mondal, Somadatta Writer and researcher <br />
<br />
* Moniruzzaman, Md Lalpur, Natore <br />
<br />
* Moniruzzaman, Muhammad Ghatail, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Moniruzzaman, Muhammad Professor of Bangla, Dinajpur Government College <br />
<br />
* Monsur, Md Hussain Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Monsur, Nurul Huda Abul Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Morshed, Abul Kalam Manjoor Professor of Linguistics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Mortuza, Golam Jamalganj, Sunamganj <br />
<br />
* Mostafa, Md Golam Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Mostakim, Golam Director, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center <br />
<br />
* Mottalib, Md Abdul Lecturer in History, Edward College, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Mowla, AHM Shafiqul Professor (retd) of Economics, T&T College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mozammel, Md Muktadir Arif Senior Research Assistant, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Mridha, Amarendra Nath Debahata, Satkhira <br />
<br />
* Muazzam, Faisal Abdullah Japan-Bangladesh Friendship Hospital, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Muhammad, Abu Professor of Economics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Muhammad, Balal Columnist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Mukharjee, Biren Journalist, Salikha, Magura <br />
<br />
* Mukherjee, Abhijit Botanist, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mukherjee, Hena former Professor of History, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mukherjee, Ramaranjan former Vice Chancellor, Jadavpur University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mukherjee, Samir K Researcher, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mukherjee, Shyam Chand West Bengal State Archaeology Department, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mukherjee, Sujata Department of History, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mukhopadhyay, Anjalika Muralidhar Girls' College, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mukhopadhyay, Asok Kumar Department of Political Science, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Mukhopadhyay, Ganesh Professor, Theatre expert, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Mumtaz, Tabassum Department of Botany, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Munier, Asif Researcher and writer <br />
<br />
* Munni, Tanjina Khan Assistant House Tutor, Begum Fazilatun Nesa Mujib Hall, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Munshi, Md Hamidul Haque Principal, Abdul Hai Degree College, Narail <br />
<br />
* Murshed, Md Mahbub Assistant Professor of Geography and Environment, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Murshed, Sanzida Lecturer in Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Murshid, Ghulam Cosultant, Bangla Dictionary, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Musafir, Md Nuruzzaman Bhangura, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Muslehuddin, ATM Professor of Arabic, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Muslim, Syed Naquib Director, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center <br />
<br />
* Mustafa, Md Golam Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Muzaffar, A, Colonel, Bangladesh Army <br />
<br />
* Naaz, Sharmin Lecturer, East West University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Nabi, Khondaker Md Nur Un Director General, Ansar and VDP <br />
<br />
* Naderuzzaman, ATM Professor of Botany, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Nahar, Shamsun Research Assistant, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Nandi, Bishnu Journalist, Gobindaganj, Gaibandha <br />
<br />
* Nandi, Proffulla Kumar Bhanga, Faridpur <br />
<br />
* Nasiruddin Moheshpur, Jhenaidah <br />
<br />
* Nasiruddin, Mirza Md Department of Botany, Kurigram Govt. Mohila College <br />
<br />
* Nasreen, Zobaida Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Nath, Shymal Chandra Kalihati, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Nawaz, Ali former Director, Bangla Cell, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Nawaz, Tawfique Advocate, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Nawshin, Helen Lohajang, Munshiganj <br />
<br />
* Nayan, Tanjimul Researcher, Lalmonihat <br />
<br />
* Nayeem, Sarder A Managing Director and Surgeon, Japan-Bangladesh Friendship Hospital, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Nehal Uddin, Md Director, Geological Survey of Bangladesh, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Nehal, SM Rakib Researcher, Kushtia <br />
<br />
* Nessa, Fazilatun Research Associate, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Newaz, Anique A South Asian Studies, Michigan University, USA <br />
<br />
* Newaz, MG Singra, Natore <br />
<br />
* Nisir, Md Arif Writer and Journalist, Bheramara, Kustia <br />
<br />
* Norris, Paul Byron British Association for Cemetries in South Asia, London <br />
<br />
* Nupu, Ranjan Baksi Journalist, Bhandaria, Pirojpur <br />
<br />
* Obaidullah, ATM Professor of Public Administration, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Osmany, Shireen Hasan Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Pal, Bidhan Chandra Member Secretary, Knowlege and Action Network- World Wide Trust <br />
<br />
* Pal, Samar Writer and researcher, Jamalpur <br />
<br />
* Palit, Chittabrata Professor of History, Jadavpur University, Kolkata <br />
* Palit, Tapan Assistant Editor, Bangabandhu Kosh, Bangladesh Shishu Academy <br />
<br />
* Panna, Sahabuddin Journalist, Amtali, Barguna <br />
<br />
* Parveen, Ashma Department of Economics, Fakirhat Shahid Smriti Degree College, Gaibandha <br />
<br />
* Parveen, Shanaz Panchbibi, Joypurhat <br />
<br />
* Parveen, Shayla 53 JN Shaha Road, Lalbagh, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Parveen, Sufia Boalia, Rajshahi <br />
<br />
* Parvez, Azizul Beanibazar, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Parvez, Md Masud Government Vocational Training Institute, Munshiganj <br />
<br />
* Parvin, Nilufar Department of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Parween, Selina Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Pasha, Mostafa Kamal Professor of Botany, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Pathan, Habibulla Teacher and researcher, Narsingdi <br />
<br />
* Patowari, Masum Writer, Matlab, Chandpur <br />
<br />
* Patowari, RK Shamim Researcher, Chhagalnaiya, Feni <br />
<br />
* Paul, Nishit Kumar Professor of Botany, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Paul, Priyabrata Professor of Economics, Jagannath University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Pawankar, Seema Professor of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Pereira, Brother Leo Principal (retd), Saint Joseph High School and College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Phizoo, Tarun Chakravarty Managing Director, Gonosastho Pharmaceuticals Limited <br />
<br />
* Pinu, Golam Kibria Editor, Sukhi Paribar, Bangladesh Family Planning Association, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Poddar, Joti Nalitabari, Sherpur <br />
<br />
* Powell, Avril Ann School of Oriental and African Studies, London <br />
<br />
* Prince, Maswoodur Rahman BCIC, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Prodhan, Ruhul Amin Fatulla, Narayanganj <br />
<br />
* Promanik, Md Azizul Islam Kishoreganj, Nilphamari <br />
<br />
* Pulak, Abdul Manik Writer, Nawabganj <br />
<br />
* Pulak, Md Khairul Alam Nandigram, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Purification, Brother Rabi Headmaster, Saint Gregory's School, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Purkayastha, Nibedita Das Senior Researcher, PRIP Trust, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Qanungo, Suniti Bhushan Professor (retd) of History, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Qayum, Zahurul Department of Chemistry, Sadullapur Degree College, Gaibandha <br />
<br />
* Qayyum, Mohammad Abdul Professor (retd) of Bangla, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Quaderi, Fazlul Quader Writer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Quaiyum, MA former Chairman, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission <br />
<br />
* Quamaruzzaman, Mohammad Professor, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Quamruzzaman, M Atomic Energy Research Centre <br />
<br />
* Quasem, MA Professor of Philosophy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Quayes, Mohammed Mijarul Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Quayum, Abdul Joint Editor, Daily Prothom Alo <br />
<br />
* Quayyum, Naheed Department of English, Comilla Victoria College <br />
<br />
* Quium, M Nurul Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Qureshi, Mahmud Shah Professor (retd) of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rabbi, Fazle former Director, National Book Centre <br />
<br />
* Rabbi, SM Fazle Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
* Radichi, William Professor of Bangla, Chicago University <br />
<br />
* Rafiq, Abdur former Director General, Board of Technical Education <br />
<br />
* Rafiq, Rafiqul Islam Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rafique, Ahmed Researcher and writer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahim, Enayetur Bangabandhu Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahim, MA Professor of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Rahim, Muhibur Lecturer, Chenair BSM Degree College, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Rahman, ABM Mohibbur Ataturk Model High School, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, AHM Habibur Professor of Finance, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, AKM Habibur Gazaria, Munshiganj <br />
<br />
* Rahman, AKM Matiar Advocate, Damudya, Shariatpur <br />
<br />
* Rahman, AKM Matiar Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Rahman, AM Mahmudur Justice, Appellate Division, Supreme Court <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Aminur Associate Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, ASM Atiqur Professor, Institute of Social Welfare and Research, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Ataur Senior Research Fellow, BIDS <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Atiqur Writer and researcher, Rangamati <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Atiur Governor, Bangladesh Bank <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Azizur Beanibazar, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Bilkis Researcher and writer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, FM Mostafizur Editor, Shilpa Barta, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Gazi Department of Bangla, Meherpur Government Girls' College <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Gazi Md Mizanur Research Assistant, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Golam Professor of Mass Communication and Journalism, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Habibur former Deputy Director of Archaeology, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Hakim Md Fazlur Journalist, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Humaun Nazirpur, Pirojpur <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Kazi Md Mostafizur Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Kazi Mizanur Banaripara, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Lutfur Professor of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Habibur Professor of Law and Justice, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Hafezur Professor of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Hafizur Lecturer in History, Bagerhat Govt. PC College <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Khalilur Professor of Soil, Water and Envirnment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Mansur NTRAMS, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Rezaur Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Rezaur Rajarbagh, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Sayedur Professor of Zoology, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Shamsur Professor of Public Administration, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, M Siddiqur Additional PIO (retd), Ministry of Information, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Mahfuzur Journalist, Burichang, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Manzoor-ur Registrar of Copyright, Copyright Office, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Matiur Professor of Statistics, Applied Statistics and Information Statistics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Habibur Journalist, Chatmohar, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Habibur Professor of Law and Justice, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Hafizur Sariakandi Degree College, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Hasinur Research Assistant, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Khalilur Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Khalilur Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Mahabubur Writer and researcher, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Mahbubar Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Mahfuzur Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Maksudur Assistant Professor of Graphic Design, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Masudur Assistant Professor of Marketing, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Mijanur Wazirpur, Barisal <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Mohibur Demra, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Moksedur Engineer, Chittagong WASA <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Montajur Niamatpur, Naogaon <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Moshiur Department of Accounting, Nurunnahar Government Mohila College, Jhenaidaha <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Mushfequr Researcher and writer, Bagerhat <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Saifur Writer, Abhaynagar, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Shafiqur Professor of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Siddiqur ILBBS, National University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md Zillur Deputy Director, Directorate of Public Libraries, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md. Azizur Accounting, Pauro Kotchandpur Mohila Degree College, Jhenaidaha <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Mir Shamsur Professor of Mass Communication and Journalism, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Mir Shamsur Professor, Gana Visvavidyalaya, Savar, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Mizan Lecturer in Bangla, Notre Dame College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Mizanur Department of Phychology, Biral Mohila College, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Mizanur Lecturer in Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Mizanur Professor of Bangla, Edward College, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Moklesur Writer, Naogaon <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Muhammad Mansurur former Principal, Madrasa-e-Alia, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Murshida Binte Lecturer in History, Jagannath University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Md. Mushfiqur Country Manager, Asia Energy Corporation (BD) Pvt Limited <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Nayan General Secretary, Bangladesh Lekhika Sangha <br />
<br />
* Rahman, PIS Mustafizur Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, QM Arifur former DG, Geological Survey of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Rahman, S M Mahfuzur Professor of International Business, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Shah Md Muizur Department of Physics, Maulana Mafizul Hossain Girls' College, Maulvibazar <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Shahidur Writer, Gauripur, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Shaikh Ataur Professor of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Sheikh Aminur Group Captain, Biman Bangladesh Airlines <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Siddique Mahmudur Director, Bangladesh Institute of Neclear Research <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Siddique Mahmudur Librarian (retd), BIRDEM, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, SM Saifur Kalaroa, Satkhira <br />
<br />
* Rahman, SS Mostafizur Professor of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Syed Sadiqur Researcher and writer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Tareque Shamsur Professor of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Rahman, Zubayerur Writer and researcher, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Raisuddin, ANM Professor of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University <br />
* Raj, Md Shahiduzzaman Saturia, Manikganj <br />
<br />
* Rajbanshi, Manoranjan Assistant Professor of Political Science, Savar College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Raju, Nazmul Ahsan Raipur, Lakshmipur <br />
<br />
* Ramjan, MA Shivalaya, Manikganj <br />
<br />
* Rana, Ayub Journalist, Kaliakair, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Rana, Md Mahbubur Rahman Gomastapur, Nawabganj <br />
<br />
* Rana, Saim Department of Music, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Ranganath, S Professor of Sanskrit, NMKRV College for Women, Jaynagar, Bangalore, India <br />
<br />
* Rashed, Md Abu Manda, Naogaon <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Haroun Er FRGS, Independent University, Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Harun Sakhipur, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Harun-Ar Bangladesh Medical Research Council, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rashid, M Harunur former Director of Archaeology, Govt. of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Mamun-ur Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Md Harun-or Department of Bangla, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Md Abdur Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Md Harun-Ar Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Md Mamunur Assistant Professor of History, Jagannath University <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Muhammad Abdur Professor of Islamic Studies, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rashid, Muhammad Harun-or Nakla, Sherpur <br />
<br />
* Ray, Amita Professor (retd) of Archaeology, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Ray, Anil Baran Visva Bharati, Santiniketan <br />
<br />
* Ray, Aniruddha Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Ray, Bivuti Ranjan Journalist, Atpara, Netrokona <br />
<br />
* Ray, Haraprasad Professor (retd), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi <br />
<br />
* Ray, Kanailal Professor of Linguistics, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Ray, Krishnendu Reader of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University <br />
<br />
* Ray, Pranab Professor (retd), Sanskrit College, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Raychauduri, Tapan Professor (retd), Oxford University, UK <br />
<br />
* Rayhan, Morshed Researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Razia, Sultana Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Razzaque, Rana Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Reaz, Bayzid Khurshid Director, Office of the Prime Minister <br />
<br />
* Reza, Masood Senior Officer, BSCIC Head Office, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Reza, Md Mamun Dighalia, Khulna <br />
<br />
* Reza, Md Rezaul Habib Karimganj, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Reza, Md Salim Journalist, Daulatpur, Kushtia <br />
<br />
* Reza, Tareq Researcer and writer <br />
<br />
* Rikabder, Fazlul Haque Agriculture Information Service, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Rita, Tahera Begum Subarnachar, Noakhali <br />
<br />
* Rita, Vadreshu Lecturer in Graphic Design, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Rob, Md Abdur Professor of Geography and Environment, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Roy, Alak Professor, Institute of Fine Arts, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Roy, Bidhu Bhushan Tazumuddin, Bhola <br />
<br />
* Roy, Bipin BIRDEM, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Roy, Jayanta Sing Baniachang, Habiganj <br />
<br />
* Roy, Kshirode Chandra Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur <br />
<br />
* Roy, Manindra Kumar Professor of Statistics, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Roy, Pradip Kumar Professor of Philosophy, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Roy, Pritimadhab Chandannagar, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Roy, R Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Roy, Rakhi Research Assistant, Ethnological Museum, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Roy, Ramdulal Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Narsingdi Government College <br />
<br />
* Roy, Ranjit Department of History, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Roy, Sandhya Director, Food Division, Gonoswasthya Kendra, Savar <br />
<br />
* Roy, Shapna Writer, Pirojpur <br />
<br />
* Roy, Suranjan Assistant Professor, Shahid Abdus Salam Degree College, Kalia, Narail <br />
<br />
* Roy, Tapon Kumar Kawkhali, Pirojpur <br />
<br />
* Roy, Tuhin Lecturer in Sociology, Khulna University <br />
<br />
* Rubel, Tilak Barua Fatikchhari, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Rubya, Tania Officer, Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sabu, Abu Jafar Journalist, Gaibandha <br />
<br />
* Sabur, AKM Abdus Research Director, Bangladesh Institute of International Strategic Studies, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sagor, Obaidullah Researcher and writer <br />
<br />
* Saha, Amal Savar, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Saha, Madhusudan Ghior, Manikganj <br />
<br />
* Saifullah, M Senior Information Officer, Information Department, Bangladesh Government <br />
<br />
* Saifuzzaman, AKM History and Classical Art Section, Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sajahan, Syed Hathazari, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Salahuddin, Khaleda Swanirvar Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Salam, Md Abdus Department of Bangla, Muktijuddha Adarsha College, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Salam, Muhammad Abdus Deputy Director (retd), University Grants Commission <br />
<br />
* Salam, Shaikh Abdus Professor of Mass Communication and Journalism, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Salamatullah, AKM Principal, Azizul Haque College, Bogra <br />
<br />
* Salehuddin, Syed Md Katiadi, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Salehuddin, Syed Mohd Department of Islamic History, Rampura Ekramunnesa Degree College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Salim, Mustafa Journalist, Barlekha, Maulvibazar <br />
<br />
* Salim, Nurur Rahman Basail, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Sanaullah, Mohammad Department of Fisheries, Jhalokati <br />
<br />
* Sanyal, SK Researcher, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Abdus Samad Assistant Director (research), Bangladesh Bank <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Abu Talha Sports Reporter, the Daily Independent <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Aminur Rahman Assistant Editor, The Daily Dinkal <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Azhar Journalist, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Ichhamuddin Professor of History, North Bengal University, Darjeeling <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Md Ahiduzzaman Writer and researcher, Raipura, Narsingdi <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Pabitra former Vice Chancellor, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Sanjoy Journalist, Netrokona <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Shipra Lecturer in Sociology, Lalmatia Mohila College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sarkar, Swapan Kumar Senior Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Establishment, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Ansar Ali Parbatipur, Dinajpur <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Dulal Assistant Professor of Bangla, Shaheed Smriti Mahavidyalay, Sashikor, Madaripur <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Mahfuzur Rahman Associate Professor of Bio-medical Sciences, Oregon State University, USA <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Manmatha Nath Marine Fisheries Survey, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Md Mosarraf Hossain Sreenagar, Munshiganj <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Md Sohrab Uddin Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Nathu Ram SSO, Bangladesh Livestock Reserch Institute, Savar <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Noorjahan Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Rabindra Nath Secretary, Satsanga Ashram, Hemayetpur, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Santosh Kumar Directorate of Agricultural Extension, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Sushanta Assitant Professor of Bangla, Khulna Government Girls' College <br />
<br />
* Sarker, Swarochish Assistent Professor, Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Sarma, Dwijen Professor (retd) of Botany, Notre Dame College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sattar, Abdus Department of Bangla, Bera Degree College, Pabna <br />
<br />
* Sattar, MA Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong <br />
* Sattar, Md Abdus Journalist, Rangpur <br />
<br />
* Sattar, Md Abdus Shahebabad Degree College, Brahmanpara, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Sayeed, Khan Md Chief Executive, Satyanvesan, Savar, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Schendel, Willem Van Professor, South Asia Institute, University of Amsterdam <br />
<br />
* Sekhar, Soumitra Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Selim, Lala Rukh Associate Professor, Department of Sculpture, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Selim, Md Muktijuddha and Bangladesh Research Institute, National University <br />
<br />
* Sen, Biplob Bagherpara, Jessore <br />
<br />
* Sen, Rangalal National Professor <br />
<br />
* Sengupta, Gautam Director of Archaeology, Government of West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Serajuddin, Asma Professor of History, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Shafi, Mohammad Professor of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Shafi, Salma A Architect and Urban-Planner, Center for Urban Studies, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Shafiqullah, Muhammad Professor of Islamic Studies, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Shafi-uz-Zaman Professor of Economics, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Shah, Abu Md Iqbal Rumi Department of History, Thakurgaon Government College <br />
<br />
* Shah, Mohammad Professor of History, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Shah, MS Professor of Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology, Khulna University <br />
<br />
* Shaha, Malay Mirzapur, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Shaha, Parthodev Fakirhat Fazilatunnessa Mujib Mohila Degree College, Bagerhat <br />
<br />
* Shahid, Md Abdul Barhatta, Netrokona <br />
<br />
* Shahid, Shahidul Islam Journalist, Tentulia, Panchagarh <br />
<br />
* Shahidullah, ABM Curator, Dhaka Zoo <br />
<br />
* Shahidullah, Kazi Vice Chanceller, National University <br />
<br />
* Shahidullah, Md Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Shahjahan, Reza Mohammad Atomic Energy Research Centre, Savar <br />
<br />
* Shahjahan, Shaikh Headmaster, Daulatpur Mohsin High School <br />
<br />
* Shahnawaz, AKM Professor of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Shajahan, Md Department of Economics, Lakshmipur Government College <br />
<br />
* Shajee, Habibunnabi Shariful Haque Journalist, Kachua, Chandpur <br />
<br />
* Shakil, Abdus Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Shamim, Md Mahmud Hasan Jahapur KA College, Muradnagar, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Shamsuddin, AKM former Chairman, Foreign Chamber of Commerce and Industries <br />
<br />
* Shams-Ud-Din, Md Professor of Food Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University <br />
<br />
* Shamsuddoha FREPD, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Shamsunnahar, Sayeda Principal, Murari Chand College, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Shamsuzzaman Writer and researcher, Gobindaganj, Gaibandha <br />
<br />
* Sharma, Nandalal Proctor, Metropolitan University, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Sharmin, Mir Farjana Research Assistant, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Sheikh, Md Tofael Ahmed Hajiganj, Chandpur <br />
<br />
* Shelly, Mizanur Rahman Director, Center for Development Research <br />
<br />
* Sheram, AK President, Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad, Sylhet <br />
<br />
* Sheren, Syeda Momtaz Principal House Tutor, Shamsunnahar Hall, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Sherozzaman, Md Associate Professor of History, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Shibly, Atful Hye Member, University Grants Commission <br />
* Shiru, Mahiuddin Balaganj, Sylhet <br />
* Shokrana, Mokarram Hussain Mithamain, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Siddhanta, Shubhendu Kumar Researcher, West Bengal <br />
<br />
* Siddik, Shah Batiaghata, Khulna <br />
<br />
* Siddiky, Leila Rashida Researcher, George Washington University, USA <br />
<br />
* Siddiqa, Mobarra Associate Professor of Folklore, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, ABM Saiful Islam Professor of Al-Quran and Islamic Studies, Islamic University <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Dina Mahnaz Visiting Professor, The Hunter College, New York University <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Hafiz GA Vice Chancellor, North South University, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Iman Muktipara, Chuadanga <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Mahibullah Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Rajshahi University <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Mamun Badurtola, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Muhammad Nur-e-Alam Laksam, Comilla <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Najma Professor of Philosophy, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Siddiqi, Neaz Ahmad Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Siddiqua, Arifa Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Siddiqui, AR Journalist, Shahjadpur, Sirajganj <br />
<br />
* Siddiqui, Ashraf Folklorist, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Siddiqui, Kamal former Secretary, Government of Bangladesh <br />
<br />
* Siddiqui, Mamun Research Officer, Bangladesh Liberation War Museum, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Siddiqui, Mohammad Mahibbullah Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Siddiqui, Muhammad Golam Mustafa Rajapur, Jhalokathi <br />
<br />
* Siddiqui, Zillur Rahman former Vice Chancellor, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Sikder, Arif Mohiuddin Managing Director, Gem Testing Laboratory, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sinha, Sutapa Fellow, Centre for Archaeological Studies, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Sitara, Sania Associate Professor of History, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Sobhan, ANM Abdus Principal (retd), Government Bangabandhu College, Gopalganj <br />
<br />
* Sobhan, Enayet Austagram, Kishoreganj <br />
<br />
* Sobhan, M Abdus Director, BANSDOC, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sofiullah, Md Professor, Institute of Chest Diseases and Hospital, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sohel, Md Asaduzzaman Graphics Designer, Banglapedia <br />
<br />
* Solaiman, Md Manager, Compliance, Southern Services Limited, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Som, Sovon Professor, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata <br />
<br />
* Soraowardi, BH Writer and researcher, Rangamati <br />
<br />
* Stewart, Tony K Director, Center for South Asian Studies, North Carolina State University, USA <br />
<br />
* Sufi, Gulroo Begum Professor of Zoology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Sufi, Hashem Writer and researcher, Dhaka <br />
* Sultan, Tipu Journalist, Feni <br />
<br />
* Sultana, Arifa Professor of History, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Sultana, Hena Senior Teacher, Bharateswari Homes, Mirzapur, Tangail <br />
<br />
* Sultana, Jesmin Researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sultana, Razia Professor of Bangla, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Sultana, Sabiha Professor of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University <br />
<br />
* Sultana, Sara Researcher, 268/4 Elephant Road, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Sunithananda, Bhikkhu Lecturer, National University <br />
<br />
* Syed, Mohammed Ali London, UK <br />
<br />
* Tagawa, Masahiko, Tokoyo University, Japan <br />
<br />
* Taher, MA Department of Islamic History and Culture, Titumir Government College, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Talukder, Abdul Motaleb Dhobaura, Mymensingh <br />
<br />
* Talukder, MA Rahim Writer and researcher, Jamalpur <br />
<br />
* Talukder, Nixon Dharmapasha, Sunamganj <br />
<br />
* Talukder, Rintu Baghaichhari, Rangamati <br />
<br />
* Tanchanga, Dinonath former Vice President, Rangamati Bar Association <br />
<br />
* Tariq, Saifuddin Mohammed Chairman, Chittagong Club <br />
* Tariq, Tanvir Ahsan Dumki, Patuakhali <br />
<br />
* Taru, Mazharul Islam Lecturer in Bangla, Shah Niamatullah Degree College, Nachol, Nawabganj <br />
<br />
* Thakur, Md Azad Uddin Journalist, Sarail, Brahmanbaria <br />
<br />
* Tipu, Shiek Md Badrul Alam Kumarkhali, Kushtia <br />
<br />
* Tripura, Barendra Lal Writer and researcher, Khagrachhari <br />
<br />
* Tripura, Probhangshu Chief Producer, Bangladesh Betar, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Tripura, Proshanto Kumar Department of Sociology, Matiranga Degree College, Khagrachhari <br />
<br />
* Tuhin, Mesbah Uddin Bangladesh Open University <br />
* Tuhin, Shamsul Arefin Journalist, Patnitala, Naogaon <br />
<br />
* Tuku, Enamul Kabir Journalist, Narail <br />
<br />
* Tutul, Mesbahur Rahman Engineer, The Institution of Engineers, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Uddin, Muhammed Nasir Researcher, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Umar, Badruddin Researcher, Political thinker and writer <br />
<br />
* Wadud, Shah Abdul Department of Sociology, Maulvibazar Government Mohila College <br />
<br />
* Wahab, Abdul Assistant Director, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Waheduzzaman, Syed Writer, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Waiz, Anis Major General (retd), Bangladesh Army <br />
<br />
* Waiz, Rasheda Professor of Islamic History and Culture, Eden College <br />
<br />
* Wajiullah, M Ansar and VDP Academy <br />
<br />
* Wares, Shamsul Dean, School of Environmental Science and Design, University of Asia Pacific <br />
<br />
* Watts, Ruth School of Education, University of Birmingham, UK <br />
<br />
* Wilson, Jon E, History, King’s College, London University, UK <br />
<br />
* Woobaidullah, ASM Professor of Geology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Yakub, Mohammad Researcher, Parshuram, Feni <br />
<br />
* Yasmin, Nilufa Researcher, Pekua, Cox’s Bazar <br />
<br />
* Yasmin, Sabina Headmistress, Barisal Zila School <br />
<br />
* Yelle, Robert A Department of History of Religions, The Divinity School, Chicago University, USA <br />
<br />
* Yusuf, Harun KM Professor of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Zafar, Mohammad Professor, Institute of Marine Science, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Zahir, M Dhanmandi, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Zahir, Qazi Sajjad Ali Lieutenant Colonel (retd), Bangladesh Army <br />
<br />
* Zahra, Khandaker Fatima Associate Faculty Member, Brac Learning Division <br />
<br />
* Zakaria, Saymon Manuscript Editor, Folklore Department, Bangla Academy, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Zaker, SM Abu Journalist, Chandanish, Chittagong <br />
<br />
* Zamal, Hossain Professor, Institute of Marine Science, Chittagong University <br />
<br />
* Zaman, MA Professor, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka <br />
<br />
* Zaman, Niaz Professor of English, Dhaka University <br />
<br />
* Zuberi, M Iqbal Professor of Botany, Gana Viswavidyalaya, Savar, Dhaka<br />
<br />
[[bn:লেখকবৃন্দ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Petroleum_Corporation&diff=15615Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation2026-07-22T05:20:38Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation''' (BPC) established by a Presidential Ordinance in 1976 (# 88, 13/11/1976) for the importation of crude and refined oil, and lubricant, refining of crude oil, and distribution and marketing of fuel oils, lubricants and other [[Petroleum Products|petroleum products]] in the country. As per the Bangladesh Petroleum Act, 1974, production, processing, refining and marketing of petroleum products in the country is vested exclusively with the government.<br />
<br />
The following are the authorities, functions and responsibilities of BPC specified by the law: collection and importation of crude petroleum and other refined petroleum products; processing of crude petroleum and production of different grades of petroleum products; establishment of petroleum refinery and other associated facilities; production of base stock, necessary additives and other chemicals, and importation of lubricating oil; production of lubricating oil by blending; establishment of plants for recycling of used lubricants; establishment of infrastructure and adoption of necessary steps for processing of refinery residue products; planning and implementation of petroleum product storage facilities; collection/building of intercontinental oil tankers; building necessary facilities and their extensions for marketing of petroleum products; act as managing agent for signing of agreements with firms or companies for petroleum importation, storage, distribution and marketing in the country; monitoring, coordination of the subsidiary companies of BPC and any other functions and responsibilities as directed by the government.<br />
<br />
There are eight companies operating under BPC: the only oil refinery of the country, [[Eastern Refinery Limited|eastern refinery limited]] (ERL); the three oil distribution and marketing companies, namely Padma Oil Company Limited, Jamuna Oil Company Limited and Meghna Oil Company Limited; two lubricant blending plants, namely Eastern Lubricants Blenders Limited and Standard Asiatic Oil Company Limited; one LPG bottling and distribution plant, LP Gas Limited and a bitumen production company, Asphaltic Bitumen Plant.<br />
<br />
BPC with the help of its subsidiary companies has developed storage facilities at different points of the country for fuel oils to ensure timely supply and market regulation. BPC subsidiaries also use their marketing agents for product marketing at the local market. The major oil depots are located at Godnail, (Narayanganj), Daulatpur (Khulna), Fatullah (Narayanganj) and Baghabari (pabna). Medium-size depots are at Rangpur, Parbatipur (Dinajpur), Bhairab Bazar, Ashuganj, Srimangal, Dhaka, Chandpur, Barishal and [[Jhalokati District|jhalokati]]. Small depots are at Chilahati ([[Kurigram District|kurigram]]), Balasi ([[Gaibandha District|gaibandha]]), Harian ([[Rajshahi District|rajshahi]]), [[Natore District|natore]], [[Sylhet District|sylhet]], Brahmanbaria. BPC has developed a storage capacity of 206,000 tons at its central establishments and approximately 688,000 tons at the other depots of the country.<br />
<br />
Apart from importation, refining and distribution of fuel oils at the local market, the BPC has taken initiatives in the recent past to improve the quality of the fuel oils as well. BPC has also taken initiatives from July 1999 to import lead-free gasoline and diesel with reduced sulphur content from the international market for marketing in the country. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Research Institutes]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[bn:বাংলাদেশ পেট্রোলিয়াম কর্পোরেশন]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Condensate&diff=15614Condensate2026-07-22T05:19:58Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Condensate''' Condensate is a hydrocarbon mixture that exists in gaseous state in the subsurface under high reservoir pressure condition but condenses into liquid when produced at the surface because of lowering of pressure. Most condensates are composed of saturated hydrocarbons in the light gasoline range (butane, pentane and hexane). It is generally light yellow to colorless, lighter than light oil having API gravity higher than 55 degree. Gas produced from a field containing significant quantities of condensate is characterised as wet gas. Condensate may have several mode of origin. [1] from organic matter (kerogen) as an intermediate product between oil and gas. [2] from conversion of oil to gas in a reservoir [3] from the gas phase migration of hydrocarbon out of an oil pool by vaporization or gas stripping.(Hunt 1996).<br />
<br />
Majority of the gas fields of Bangladesh produce dry gas and little condensate. Yet some fields produce significant amount of condensate. The three most condensate rich gas fields are Beanibazar (18 barrel/mmcfg), Jalalabad (15 barrel/mmcfg) and Kailashtila(11barrel/mmcfg).Total initial reserve of condensate in Bangladesh' is 43.2 million barrel of which 63% is reserved in these three condensate rich fields and they produce major part of the total condensate production in the country. The total daily production is about 3444 barrel, 50% of wehich comes from only one field, Jalalabad. By June 2002, about 10.4 million barrel of condensate has been produced leaving a remaining reserve of about 32.8 million barrel.<br />
<br />
''Table'' Condensate rerves and production in developed gas fields of Bangladesh.<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| Gas field || App. condensate to gas ratio (bbl/mmcf) || Initial reserve (million barrel) || Cumulative production till June 2002 (million barrel) || Daily production in July 2004 (barrel/day)<br />
|-<br />
| Kailashtila || 10.90 || 12.94 || 4.01 || 549<br />
|-<br />
| Jalalabad || 15.00 || 12.00 || 1.39 || 1708<br />
|-<br />
| Beanibazar || 18.00 || 2.53 || 0.20 || 381<br />
|-<br />
| Sylhet || 3.34 || 0.96 || 0.58 || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Rashidpur || 3.05 || 3.54 || 0.39 || 117<br />
|-<br />
| Bakhrabad || 2.45 || 2.14 || 0.89 || 18<br />
|-<br />
| Titas || 1.43 || 6.81 || 2.65 || 507<br />
|-<br />
| Shaldanadi || 3.00 || 0.74 || 0.02 || 13<br />
|-<br />
| Narsinghdi || 2.46 || 0.17 || 0.08 || 44<br />
|-<br />
| Meghna || 2.01 || 0.20 || 0.05 || 4<br />
|- <br />
| Habiganj || 0.05 || 0.09 || 0.05 || 18<br />
|-<br />
| Fenchuganj || 2.47 || 0.65 || - || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Sangu || n/a || n/a || 0.07 || 54<br />
|-<br />
| Chattak || 0.07 || 0.01 || - || suspended<br />
|-<br />
| Feni || 3.00 || 0.30 || 0.09 || suspended<br />
|-<br />
| Kamta || 0.20 || 0.004 || 0.004 || suspended<br />
|-<br />
| Total || ||43.23 || 10.44 || 3444<br />
|}<br />
''Source'' www.petrobangla.org.bd.<br />
<br />
The condensate produced from the gas fields is transported through pipelines to the processing plants and refined. Approximately 38,000 ton of condensate is supplied annually from different gas fields of the country to the [[Eastern Refinery Limited|eastern refinery limited]] for producing refined petroleum products. The condensate produced from the gas fields are piped by a six-inch diameter and 175 km long pipeline from Kailashtila to Ashuganj and then transported to Eastern Refinery at Chittagong by barges.Condensate is processed in NGL fractionation plant to produce LPG, motor spirit and kerosene and are used in the local market. [Sanzida Murshed and Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[bn:কন্ডেনসেট]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coal_Bed_Methane&diff=15613Coal Bed Methane2026-07-22T05:19:02Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Coal Bed Methane''' (CBM) The methane gas that occurs within the [[Coal|coal]] beds lying underground. CBM is considered a non-conventional type of [[Natural Gas|natural gas]] although it is virtually identical to conventional natural gas produced worldwide. The mode of occurrence of CBM differs from conventional natural gas in that it mainly occurs (90%) as adsorbed onto the surface of coal material with the remaining (10%) held as free within coal fractures. Thus the CBM is sourced and reservoired by the same rock ie coal. Historically, CBM has been considered a safety hazard in the underground coalmines, but due to current technological development and economics, it has now become a significant energy resource. CBM can be extracted through drilling into coal without the coal being mined, thus providing alternate natural gas reserves.<br />
<br />
Till now the majority of the large scale commercial production centres are located in USA and these are being developed in some other countries as well, mainly Australia, Poland, China and Russia. In USA, CBM production has increased from about 0.30 TCF (trillion cubic feet) in 1991 to 1.1 TCF in 1997, the latter accounting for about 6% of the total annual natural gas production of the country. In eastern India, the CBM resource base for five Damodar valley coalfields (including Raniganj and Jharia in West Bengal-Bihar) has been estimated to be 40 TCF with 20-25% recoverability.<br />
<br />
The most important parameters for CBM prospecting is the presence of large amounts of coal, high methane content in the coal and sufficient permeability within the coal seam to allow gas production. Geologic targeting of thick coal seams at appropriate depth and with optimum permeability is therefore crucial in any CBM exploration program.<br />
<br />
Prospecting for CBM in the coalfields in the northwestern part of Bangladesh could be an option for closing the gap in energy availability between the eastern and western parts of the country. All the gasfields so far discovered in Bangladesh lie in the eastern part and the geological prospect of finding any significant conventional gasfield in northwestern Bangladesh is considered to be low. On the other hand the CBM prospect is high in some coalfields specially the ones not suitable for conventional coal mining for great depths.<br />
<br />
The Jamalganj coalfield in the Joypurhat district is one, for example, which may well be taken as a test case. The positive factors for Jamalganj CBM development include large coal reserves (1,053 million ton), thick coal seams (as much as 46m thick individual coal seams and up to 64m cumulative coal in seven coal seams), optimum depth of burial (640 to 1,150m below surface) and indication of significant gas content as reported by the observation of gas bubbling from mud during drilling.<br />
<br />
International CBM prospectors have shown interest in the feasibility studies for CBM development in Jamalganj coalfield. In early 1990,s BHP_UTAH International inc. submitted a report' to the government and proposed for undertaking' exploration and developemet of CBM in Jamalganj coalfield.but there was no report of a positive negotiation between the company and the government. Up until now there has been no investigation carried out on the jamalganj coal aimed for CBM development.Thaere are a number of unknown factors that are to be determined such as true gas content, coal permeability and in-seam pressure before the coal is taken for CBM development. However such prospecting could bring about a new era of non-conventional natural gas exploitation in Bangladesh. [Badrul Imam and Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[bn:কয়লাস্তর মিথেন]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:natural sciences]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Condensate&diff=15612Condensate2026-07-22T05:17:36Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Condensate''' Condensate is a hydrocarbon mixture that exists in gaseous state in the subsurface under high reservoir pressure condition but condenses into liquid when produced at the surface because of lowering of pressure. Most condensates are composed of saturated hydrocarbons in the light gasoline range (butane, pentane and hexane). It is generally light yellow to colorless, lighter than light oil having API gravity higher than 55 degree. Gas produced from a field containing significant quantities of condensate is characterised as wet gas. Condensate may have several mode of origin. [1] from organic matter (kerogen) as an intermediate product between oil and gas. [2] from conversion of oil to gas in a reservoir [3] from the gas phase migration of hydrocarbon out of an oil pool by vaporization or gas stripping.(Hunt 1996).<br />
<br />
Majority of the gas fields of Bangladesh produce dry gas and little condensate. Yet some fields produce significant amount of condensate. The three most condensate rich gas fields are Beanibazar (18 barrel/mmcfg), Jalalabad (15 barrel/mmcfg) and Kailashtila(11barrel/mmcfg).Total initial reserve of condensate in Bangladesh' is 43.2 million barrel of which 63% is reserved in these three condensate rich fields and they produce major part of the total condensate production in the country. The total daily production is about 3444 barrel, 50% of wehich comes from only one field, Jalalabad. By June 2002, about 10.4 million barrel of condensate has been produced leaving a remaining reserve of about 32.8 million barrel.<br />
<br />
''Table'' Condensate rerves and production in developed gas fields of Bangladesh.<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| Gas field || App. condensate to gas ratio (bbl/mmcf) || Initial reserve (million barrel) || Cumulative production till June 2002 (million barrel) || Daily production in July 2004 (barrel/day)<br />
|-<br />
| Kailashtila || 10.90 || 12.94 || 4.01 || 549<br />
|-<br />
| Jalalabad || 15.00 || 12.00 || 1.39 || 1708<br />
|-<br />
| Beanibazar || 18.00 || 2.53 || 0.20 || 381<br />
|-<br />
| Sylhet || 3.34 || 0.96 || 0.58 || 19<br />
|-<br />
| Rashidpur || 3.05 || 3.54 || 0.39 || 117<br />
|-<br />
| Bakhrabad || 2.45 || 2.14 || 0.89 || 18<br />
|-<br />
| Titas || 1.43 || 6.81 || 2.65 || 507<br />
|-<br />
| Shaldanadi || 3.00 || 0.74 || 0.02 || 13<br />
|-<br />
| Narsinghdi || 2.46 || 0.17 || 0.08 || 44<br />
|-<br />
| Meghna || 2.01 || 0.20 || 0.05 || 4<br />
|- <br />
| Habiganj || 0.05 || 0.09 || 0.05 || 18<br />
|-<br />
| Fenchuganj || 2.47 || 0.65 || - || 10<br />
|-<br />
| Sangu || n/a || n/a || 0.07 || 54<br />
|-<br />
| Chattak || 0.07 || 0.01 || - || suspended<br />
|-<br />
| Feni || 3.00 || 0.30 || 0.09 || suspended<br />
|-<br />
| Kamta || 0.20 || 0.004 || 0.004 || suspended<br />
|-<br />
| Total || ||43.23 || 10.44 || 3444<br />
|}<br />
''Source'' www.petrobangla.org.bd.<br />
<br />
The condensate produced from the gas fields is transported through pipelines to the processing plants and refined. Approximately 38,000 ton of condensate is supplied annually from different gas fields of the country to the [[Eastern Refinery Limited|eastern refinery limited]] for producing refined petroleum products. The condensate produced from the gas fields are piped by a six-inch diameter and 175 km long pipeline from Kailashtila to Ashuganj and then transported to Eastern Refinery at Chittagong by barges.Condensate is processed in NGL fractionation plant to produce LPG, motor spirit and kerosene and are used in the local market. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
[[bn:কন্ডেনসেট]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mineral_Resources&diff=15611Mineral Resources2026-07-14T09:19:03Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:MineralResource.jpg|thumb|400px]]<br />
'''Mineral Resources''' mineral reserves plus all other deposits that may eventually become available - either known deposits that are not economically or technologically recoverable at present, or unknown deposits, rich or lean, that may be inferred to exist but have not yet been discovered. Geologically, Bangladesh occupies a greater part of the [[Bengal Basin|bengal basin]] and the country is covered by Tertiary folded sedimentary rocks (12%) in the north, north eastern and eastern parts; uplifted Pleistocene residuum (8%) in the north western, mid northern and eastern parts; and Holocene deposits (80%) consisting of unconsolidated [[Sand|sand]], [[Silt|silt]] and [[Clay|clay]]. The oldest exposed rock is the Tura Sandstone of Palaeocene age but older rocks like Mesozoic, Palaeozoic amid Precambrian basement have been encountered in the drill holes in the north western part of the country.<br />
<br />
Because of a different geological environment, important mineral deposits of Bangladesh are [[Natural Gas|natural gas]], [[Coal|coal]], [[Limestone|limestone]], [[Hardrock|hardrock]], [[Gravel|gravel]], [[Boulder|boulder]], [[Glass Sand|glass sand]], construction sand, [[White Clay|white clay]], [[Brick Clay|brick clay]], [[Peat|peat]], and beach sand heavy minerals. Tertiary Barail shales occurring within the oil and gas windows have generated natural gas and oil found in Bangladesh. After generation, gas and oil have migrated upward through multi-kilometre rock layers above, to reach and accumulate in suitable [[Sandstone|sandstone]] reservoirs in the Neogene Bhuban and Bokabil rock units. Gravel, glass sand, construction sand, peat, and beach sand are found in the Holocene sediments, and white clay (kaolin) is found in the late Pleistocene sediments in the small hills mainly in the northern part of the country. White clay and glass sand deposits have also been discovered in the north-western part below the surface. Exploitation of the deposits of limestone, construction sand, gravel, glass sand, white clay and beach sand are done through small scale quarrying. The subsurface white clay and glass sand deposits have not been mined yet. Developments of subsurface coal and hardrock mines are going on.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MineralResources1.jpg|thumb|400px|Gasfield, Fenchuganj]]<br />
'''''Oil and gas''''' There are 23 discovered gas fields in Bangladesh of various sizes. The estimated recoverable proved and probable (P1+ P2) reserve of the 23 gas fields is 21.05 TCF. Out of which, as of June 2009, a total of 8.37 TCF gas has already been produced and as such the left over proved and probable (P1 + P2) recoverable reserve is 12.68 TCF. Gas in most of the fields is dry, in a few fields it is wet, with considerable amounts of [[Condensate|condensate]], eg at Beanibazar (16 bbl/mmcfg), Jalalabad (15 bbl/mmcfg), and Kailashtila (13 bbl/mmcfg). Currently, natural gas accounts for more than 75% of the total commercial energy consumption and the major part of the future energy demand would be met from it.<br />
<br />
Power sector ranks the highest (52%); fertiliser sector ranks the second (28%); and industry, domestic, commercial and other sectors together rank third (20%) in gas consumption. Currently 17 gas fields under public and private sectors are in production with gas supply between 2000 mmcfg per day.<br />
<br />
The only oilfield of the country has been discovered at Haripur in 1986. It has an estimated in-place oil reserve of about 10 million barrels, with a recoverable reserve of about 6 million barrels. The oil field produced 0.56 million barrels of oil in six and a half years, but production remained suspended from 1994.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MineralResourcesCoal.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Barapukuria coal, Dinajpur]]<br />
The Haripur oil field has not been fully evaluated and it has been suggested that there is scope for full-scale exploitation after proper appraisal work is carried out. Crude oil bearing reservoir horizons were also found in Kailashtila and Fenchuganj gas fields but these are yet to be proved commercially viable. A number of international oil companies (IOC) are working in Bangladesh for hydrocarbon exploration. Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company (BAPEX), an enterprise of [[Petrobangla|petrobangla]], the only local company, has been working with success.<br />
<br />
'''''Coal''''' first discovered in the country by Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) in 1959 was at great depth. [[Geological Survey of Bangladesh|geological survey of bangladesh]] (GSB) continued its efforts for exploration that resulted in the discovery of 4 coalfields. BHP Minerals, a US-Australian company, discovered a field in 1997 totalling 5 coalfields. All the discovered fields lie in the north-western part of the country. Details of the coalfields and quality of the coal are shown below.<br />
<br />
''Table 1'' Coalfields and coal quality.<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| Coal field || Depth (m) || Thic kness (m) || Area (sq km) || Reserve (m ton) || Fixed carbon (%) || Volatile matter (%) || Ash content (%) || Sulphur content (%) || Calorific value content (%) || BTU/lb<br />
|-<br />
| Jamalganj || 640-1158 || 64 || 11.06 || 1053 || 47 (av) || 38 (av) || 22 (av) || 0.62 (av) || 11000 (av)<br />
|-<br />
| Barapukuria || 129-506 || 51 || 5.25 || 300 || 45.5-54.7 || 2.28-3.60 || 11.79-23.71 || 0.43-1.33 || 10547-12529<br />
|-<br />
| Khalaspir || 257-483 || 50 || 12.56 || 143 || 32.0-80.8 || 2.93-30.47 || 7.6-50.51 || 0.24-3.15 || 7388-13880<br />
|-<br />
| Dighipara || 328-407 || 61 || Not determined || Not determined || 51.3-65.6 || 25.29-38.23 || 2.64-20.05 || 0.51-1.02 || 10200-14775<br />
|-<br />
| Phulbari || 151 || --- || --- || 386 || --- || --- || --- || --- || ---<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mineral%20resources2.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Oilfield, Haripur, Sylhet]]<br />
Commercial coal production at Barapukuria Coal Mine started in April 2003 with the expectation to produce 1 million short tons of coal/year (Mmst/y). But the mine produces less than 1 m ton coal/annum and the co-located 250 MW plant consumes 0.65 m ton of coal/year. Leaving 2.35 m ton for domestic users. Coal has been playing vital role in irrigation as well as demand of electricity in North-Western part of the country. Some coal is also being used in brickfields.<br />
<br />
BHP Minerals have discovered the Phulbari coalfield in January 1997. The right has later been transferred to an Australian company, Asia Energy Corporation (AEC), to develop the mine. AEC is now working for a detailed feasibility study for open-pit mine development whose initial annual production will be 2.9 million ton that will later be 9 million ton.<br />
<br />
Coal imported from India, China, and Indonesia is mainly consumed in brickfields both in public and private sectors, and in small industries.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MineralResourcesLimestone.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Fossiliferous limestone, Sylhet]]<br />
'''''Limestone''''' In the early 1960s, a quarry of limestone of Eocene age with a small reserve at Takerghat in the north eastern part of the country started supplying raw materials to a cement factory.<br />
<br />
This was the first mine in the country which was actually a quarry. In the 1960s GSB discovered another limestone deposit in Joypurhat at a depth of about 515-541m below the surface with a total reserve of 100 million ton. GSB continued its effort to find out limestone deposits at shallow depth. In the mid 1990s GSB discovered limestone deposit at a depth of 493-508 and 531-548m below the surface at Jahanpur and Paranagar of Naogaon respectively. Thickness of these deposits is 16.76m and 14.32m respectively.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MineralResourcesHardRock.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Hard Rock, Dinajpur]]<br />
'''''Hard Rock''''' Bangladesh has dearth of construction materials. A large deposit of granodiorite, quartz diorite, gneiss of Precambrian age has been discovered by GSB at depths ranging from 132 to 160m below surface at Maddhyapara, Dinajpur. The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of fresh rock varies from 60% to 100%. Development of this underground hard rock mine is going on by Nam Nam Co, a North Korean company. Maddhyapara Granite Mining Company Limited (MGMCL), finally went into production 25th mat 2007 after missing several deadlines in about a decade. <br />
<br />
Hardrock has been extracted upto April 2007 a sum of total of 459,283.98 metric ton 392030.78 M. Ton of hardrock have already been sold to different organisations. These rocks are used as construction materials for housing apartments, commercial buildings, roads and highways, bridges, dams, river dykes, embankments, flood control, railway ballast and sleepers, decoration pieces, tiles etc.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MineralResourcesPeat.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Peat]]<br />
'''''Peat''''' In Bangladesh peat deposits occur in the marshy areas of the north-eastern, middle and south western parts with a total reserve of more than 170 million ton. Calorific value of peat ranges from 6000 to 7000 BTU/lb. Peat can be used as fuel for domestic purposes, brick manufacturing, boilers etc. However, their exploitation has not yet been started. Details of the peat deposits are given in the following table.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Table 2'' Peat deposits and quality.<br />
{| class="table table-bordered table-hover"<br />
|-<br />
| Deposits || Depth (m) || Thickness (m) || Area (sq km) || Reserve (m ton) || Carbon content (%) || Ash content (%) || Moisture content (%) || Volatile content (%)<br />
|-<br />
| Bagiachanda || 0-4 || 0.6-3.3 || 500 || 150 || 24 || 16.63 || 17.1 || 42.30<br />
|-<br />
| Kolamouza || 0.04-2.5 || 0.2-4 || 25 || 8 || 29.2 || 24.80 || 13.70 || 42.30<br />
|-<br />
| Maulvi Bazar || 0-1.3 || 1.6 || 9.6 || 3 || 17.83 || 36.07 || 15.52 || 30.58<br />
|-<br />
| Chalan Beel || 0.5-4.75 || 3.35-7.65 || - || 6.2 || 14.80 || 46.13 || 8.53 || 54.13<br />
|-<br />
| Charkai || 0-0.8 || 0.13-2.6 || 11 || 3 || 18.32 || 17.6 || 27.77 || ---<br />
|-<br />
| Pagla || --- || --- || --- || 13.2 || 16.37 || 25.9 || 37.7 || 43.3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''''Metallic minerals''''' GSB has carried out investigation for mineral deposits and succeeded in locating a few potential zones. Relatively high content of metallic minerals like chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covelline, galena, sphalerite etc have been found in the core samples from the north-western region of the country.<br />
<br />
'''''Construction sand''''' It is very much available in the riverbeds throughout the country. Sand consists mostly of quartz of medium to coarse grains. It is extensively used as construction material for buildings, bridges, roads etc all over the country.<br />
<br />
'''''Gravel''''' Deposits of gravel are found along the piedmont areas of the [[Himalayas, The|himalayas]] in the northern boundaries of Bangladesh. These river borne gravels come from the upstream during the rainy season. Total reserve of the gravel deposits is about 10 million cu m. Gravel deposits are being exploited and used in the country.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MineralResourcesGlassSand.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Glass sand, Comilla]]<br />
'''''Glass sand''''' Important deposits of glass sand of the country are at Balijuri (0.64 million ton), Shahjibazar (1.41 million ton) and Chauddagram (0.285 million ton) at or near the surface, Maddhyapara (17.25 million ton) and Barapukuria (90.0 million ton) below the surface. Glass sands consist of fine to medium, yellow to grey quartz.<br />
<br />
'''''White Clay''''' There are surface to near surface deposits of white clay in Bijoypur and Gopalpur area of Netrokona district, Nalitabari of Sherpur district, Haidgaon of Chittagong district and Baitul Izzat of Satkania upazila, Chittagong district. Besides there are subsurface deposits of white clay' in Maddhyapara, Barapukuria, Dighipara of Dinajpur district and Patnitala of Naogaon district. The exposed white clay is not good in quality. It is used in the ceramic factories of Bangladesh after mixing with high quality imported clay.<br />
<br />
[[Image:MineralResourcesWhiteClay.jpg|thumb|400px|left|White clay, Netrokona]]<br />
'''''Beach sand''''' Deposits of beach sand have been identified in the coastal belt and in the coastal islands of Bangladesh. Different heavy minerals and their reserves (in ton) are: Zircon (158,117), Rutile (70,274), Ilmenite (1,025,558), Leucoxene (96,709), Kyanite (90,745), Garnet (222,761), Magnetite (80,599) and Monazite (17,352). An Australian company has applied for the permission to carry out the feasibility study for exploitation.<br />
<br />
'''''Brick Clay''''' In Bangladesh the mineralogical, chemical and engineering properties of Pleistocene and Holocene brick clays of Dhaka, Narayanganj and Narsingdi districts are well documented. The bulk chemistry and engineering properties of the Holocene and Pleistocene samples have been found satisfactory for manufacturing good quality bricks. These are being exploited and widely used in the country. [AKM Khorshed Alam and Sifatul Quader Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
'''''Mines''''' Mining process of extracting coal, ores, precious stones, hardrock etc from mines. In 1774, mining was first started in undivided Bengal at Raniganj coalfield of West Bengal in India. Then Jharia, Bokrao and Karanpura coalfields of India also came under mining. From 1857 to 1957 a number of geologists expressed with the hope that coalmines would be found under the green cropped land in Bangladesh. In spite of this the then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was neglected for the exploration works for mineral resources. But the hopes of the geologists were vindicated when in course of searching for oil in 1959 STANVAC drilled a hole in Bogra district, where Gondwana coal was encountered at a depth of 2381m from surface. In 1985 coalfield was discovered at Barapukuria in Dinajpur district. More coalfields were discovered at Khalaspir (Rangpur district) in 1989, at Dighipara (Dinajpur district) in 1995 and at Phulbari of the same district in 1997. A large deposit of granodiorite, quartz diorite, gneiss of Precambrian age has been discovered at depth ranging from 132 to 160m below surface at Maddhyapara, Dinajpur in 1974-75.<br />
<br />
'''''Mine hazard''''' Irrespective of the choice of mining methods some disturbances to the mine site and its surrounding environment are inevitable. Issues of safety and environmental concerns for mines under construction in Bangladesh are [[Water Pollution|water pollution]] and control of mine drainage, sedimentation in water courses, [[Noise Pollution|noise pollution]], ground vibration, [[Air Pollution|air pollution]], socio-economic disturbances, loss of agricultural land, danger of land subsidence, hazards of mine fire, problems of dust and human discomfort.<br />
<br />
History of large-scale mining of minerals using modern technology and management in Bangladesh is not old. Although there are technical requirements for mine planning and hazard assessment but in small-scale sand, beach sand, glass sand, white clay, gravel, and soil mining hardly follow any standard regulations both from mine safety and environmental protection point of view.<br />
<br />
Both from Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mine water is discharged to the surrounding paddy fields and watercourses without being treated. This practice causes serious threat to the environment as the mine water may be acidic and generally contains lot of sediments which ultimately contaminate the surface water and soil. The polluted mine water may contain pyrite and other sulphide minerals which form sulphuric acid. Ash in the coal contains silica and aluminium oxide, which are soluble in mine water. Also mine water may contain a lot of dissolved metals like iron, manganese, suspended solids, some oil and often ammonia resulting from the use of ammonium nitrate based explosives. High concentration of mine pollutants can create considerable ecological problems, as plant life is very much sensitive to sulphur dioxide even at a low concentration. As far as the Bangladesh Environmental Quality control is concerned standard pH content of surface water should not cross the limit of 6.5-8.5 to keep the water usable for drinking, irrigation, fisheries, industrial and recreational purposes. Therefore, baseline data need to be collected from the locality to define the tolerance level of ambient water bodies surrounding the mines before indiscriminate discharge of mine water.<br />
<br />
On 5 April 1998 Barapukuria Coal Mine faced a major set back of sudden water inrush at a rate of 600-800 cu m/hour. The accident took place soon after the blasting operation was carried out in order to develop underground roadway. A large chunk of roof rock collapsed as a result of sudden inrush of water from upper lying strata at a huge rate which could not be controlled by the Chinese contractor engaged in mine building there using available means of support at Barapukuria. After the accident the mine remained inundated for few months until additional high capacity pumps were mobilised to pump out huge water accumulated in the mine. Currently Barapukuria mine has been pumping out water from underground at a rate of 350-450 cu m/hour to keep the mine prevented from further inundation. No underground work could proceed after the accident. Now after completion of 35% of mine construction works and approximately 3 km of underground roadways of the planned 12 km for Barapukuria mine, the authority was compelled to start redesigning of the mine plan due to the accident. The redesigning of the mine may significantly delay the completion of mine construction works and will squeeze the recoverable resource area and finally will escalate the production cost of coal from the mine. It is worked out that 1200-1800 cu m of water per hour will be discharged from Barapukuria once the mine building is completed and hence the pumping process needs to be continued.<br />
<br />
Dust and mine gases create problems for coal mine. Fortunately Barapukuria coal has insignificant gas content, therefore, in the process of mining of coal the danger of methane emission and methane gas related hazards are considered to be insignificant. At Barapukuria as the coal will be mined mechanically, huge coal dusts would be generated but proper mitigation measures if taken coal dust could be controlled. Huge dusts will be generated in the Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mine areas due to frequent movements of heavy vehicles together with required loading and unloading operations. The mine air pollution is a major issue of concern. The gases formed by the combustion of coal, fuel and lubricants in the mine both at the surface and underground pollute the ambient air. Dusts generated from coal and hard rocks especially during cutting, blasting, crashing and transportation in the mines are generally the cause of concern for the miners and for the surrounding localities.<br />
<br />
Barapukuria coal is classified as 'medium risk' category as to its spontaneous combustion potential. Spontaneous combustion of coal is a voluntary process in the mine in which coal combines with oxygen in air resulting in the release of heat and light and produces toxic gases like carbon dioxides, carbon monoxides and vapours. If such spontaneous combustion takes place at Barapukuria mine it may cause serious danger to the total safety of the mine and its environment.<br />
<br />
The existing mining method proposed for Barapukuria aimed at coal extraction from the average 36-m thick coal seam VI. It is not clear how subsidence possibilities will be prevented in the void spaces beneath the surface. The presence of more than 100m of unconsolidated Tertiary sandy aquifers (Dupi Tila) over the coal seams may cause potential problem for subsidence once large void spaces will be left without stowing. The surface subsidence occurs due to the abstraction of water, mineral or natural gas from the ground and also removal of deep lying mineral body may cause subsidence over a wider area. Without stowing if large voids are left in the mine in the process of coal mining at Barapukuria that may trigger uncontrolled land subsidence and may cause to environmental disaster to the surrounding areas.<br />
<br />
Large numbers of explosives are being used in both Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mines for roadway headings and underground development works initiating significant vibration in the mine and to the adjacent areas. 2,670 kg of explosives are planned to be used at Maddhyapara Hardrock Mine to secure production of 5,500 ton/day. Regular blasting operations in the mine may cause damage to old structures on the surface close to mining area. In addition to the noise and vibration caused by explosives and blasting operations in the mines, movements of heavy vehicles, bulldozers, dump trucks and other machinery will pose constant noise problems in the mine areas.<br />
<br />
Both Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mines require to conduct Environmental Impact Studies as the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 stipulates that all mining projects belong to 'Red Category' industries. Therefore, both the mining authorities need to prepare Environmental Impact Study Report, Environmental Management Plan, Plan for Waste Disposal along with other documents for obtaining environmental clearance from the Department of Environment of the government of Bangladesh. At the same time the mining authority needs to establish regular control for water, air, soil quality for the areas. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]<br />
<br />
''See also'' [[Beach Sand Heavy Mineral|beach sand heavy mineral]];[[Coal| coal]];[[Gas, Natural| gas, natural]];[[Hardrock| hardrock]];[[Hydrocarbon Exploration| hydrocarbon exploration]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:natural sciences]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:খনিজ সম্পদ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Herbicide&diff=15610Herbicide2026-07-05T05:52:54Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Herbicide''' chemical substance that has the ability to selectively kill herbs that grow as weeds in crop fields, gardens and lawns. In the 1950s, studies on plant growth and development led to the discovery of certain chemicals that exhibited selective toxicity on growth and development of different plants. Some common herbicides against broad-leafed weeds are 2, 4, Fosamine, Dicamba and Picloram. There are herbicides that specifically kill narrow-leafed grasses such as Dapalon. Most herbicides are sprayed as liquid but some are applied in granular form mixed with chemical fertilisers.<br />
<br />
In Bangladesh, weeding out of unwanted herbs from crop fields has long been done by traditional methods using plough and hoe. The method is labour-intensive, but because of availability of cheap labour, weeding of many crop fields such as [[Jute|jute]], winter crops such as [[Tobacco|tobacco]], [[Tomato|tomato]], [[Brinjal|brinjal]], pepper, mustard, lentils etc have presented no particular problems. Weeding of crop fields, lawns and gardens is still done manually in Bangladesh and use of herbicides is thus limited. The major application known at present is in tea gardens.<br />
<br />
During 1990-91 Bangladesh imported about 24,000 kg of herbicides and weed killers. No herbicides are used in rice fields in Bangladesh because with little run down of water due to flat terrain, the problem of toxicity build-up in small agricultural holdings may be considerable. Control of weeds in irrigated rice fields is instead achieved by keeping the levels of water about 50% higher than what would normally be required by the plants. [Zia Uddin Ahmed]<br />
<br />
''See also'' [[Weed|weed]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Flora]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:হার্বিসাইড]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Varendra_Research_Museum&diff=15609Varendra Research Museum2026-06-28T04:26:53Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Varendra Research Museum''' originated from [[Varendra Research Society|varendra research society]]. [[Ray, Saratkumar|saratkumar ray]] and two of his close associates [[Baral, Akshay Kumar|akshay kumar maitreya]] and [[Chanda, Ramaprasad|ramaprasad chanda]] spent much of their time and energy in establishing the society and then the museum. Their lifelong effort was to unveil the glorious past of Bengal in general, and of [[Varendra|varendra]] in particular by laying bare the monuments that still defied the ravages of man and nature.<br />
<br />
[[Image:VerandaResearchMuseum.jpg|thumb|400px|Varendra Research Museum]]<br />
Saratkumar led an exploratory tour accompanied by AK Maitreya, Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay and a few others to Deopara, Palpara, Malancha, Jugpur, Itahar, Chabbishnagar, Mandoil, Kumarpur, Khetur and Vijaynagar in early April 1910. The party was able to collect 32 pieces of sculptures including the life-size images of Chandi from Mandoil. On their return to the town the leading residents of Rajshahi gave the Kumar and his colleagues a reception and emphasised on the preservation of the collections at Rajshahi. So out of necessity the Rajshahi Museum (later Varendra Research Museum) was born and the Kumar undertook to contribute Rs 200/- per month for the maintenance of the collections.<br />
<br />
The existence of the museum was seriously threatened in the year 1911 when the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata|indian museum]] at Calcutta demanded all rare and unique specimens collected by the Varendra Research Museum. [[Carmichael, Lord|lord carmichael]], the then governor of Bengal visited Rajshahi in 1912 and was impressed by the Society's collection of antiquities. Soon after this, the governor of Bengal by a circular (No 11 dated 14 February 1913) guaranteed perfect freedom to the promoters of local museums in matters of collection, preservation and display of ancient sculptures and their antiquities.<br />
<br />
The Kumar constructed the museum building at his own cost on the land donated by his elder brother, Raja Pramada Nath Ray of Dighapatia. Lord Carmichael laid its foundation stone on 13 November 1916 and the Kumar made over the building, fully furnished, to the society for housing its museum and library under a Deed of Trust executed on 27 November1919. Lord Ronaldshay, the governor of Bengal, opened it on the same day.<br />
<br />
In order to collect sculptures, epigraphs, manuscripts, coins and other objects of antiquarian value the Kumar and his associates organised a number of exploratory tours to numerous sites in various districts of Bengal and discovered, identified and collected quite a good number of relics. Encouraged by the success of their exploration the Society excavated the Pradyumneshvar Tank at Deopara and recovered from its bed as many as 64 pieces of sculpture and three terracotta Manasa-ghatas. In 1911 some members of the society came upon a high mound at Cossipur, 5 miles away from Balurghat in West Dinajpur and laid bare to expose brick built walls, a brick built road approaching to the mound and a number of sculptures. Thus the associates to the Society excavated the sites at[[Mahisantosh| mahisantosh]] in November 1916 and Kumarpur in Rajshahi district and collected a lot of antiquities.<br />
<br />
The excavation of [[Paharpur|paharpur]] was started by the Society in 1923 in collaboration with the Calcutta University under the direction of DR Bhandarkar. The Kumar promised to the university authorities an annual contribution of Rs 2000/- for five years but the university abandoned the project at the close of the first season. The work was conducted thereafter by the Department of Archaeology and Curator of the Varendra Research Museum was actively associated with it. The museum received as its share from the Archaeological Survey of India 265 items unearthed at Paharpur.<br />
<br />
According to a Government Notification dated 6 November 1937 a Committee of Management was set up and the Varendra Research Society surrendered its rights over the present building and the entire collection of antiquities, manuscripts, printed books and furniture to the committee. The list included 760 stone sculptures, 47 metal sculptures, 2 wooden sculptures. 4 clay sculptures, 4 cannons, 211 carved bricks, 42 moulded plaques (terracotta), 29 glazed tiles, 17 stone inscriptions, 23 terracotta inscriptions, 4 documents (paper), 101 ritual utensils (metal), 10 pieces of ornaments, 435 gold coins and 4 garments. The Society also made over to the committee 1832 printed books, 2530 Sanskrit and 1223 Bengali manuscripts.<br />
<br />
The Museum Endowment and Publication Fund and the Savita Ray Memorial Fund (established by the Kumar for publication of Sanskrit works) were brought under the control of the Museum. The provincial government restored the original grant, though reduced by 20%, since 1932. The Kumar continued to supplement the government grant with generous donations from time to time for publication and exploratory tours.<br />
<br />
The death of AK Maitreya in 1930 and of Kumar Saratkumar Ray in 1945 caused irreparable loss to the museum. The Partition in August 1947 was another severe blow, which jeopardised its existence. The museum was converted into a Medical School in 1949. The School kept under its occupation northern half of the museum premises till 1961.<br />
<br />
For about nineteen years since the Partition the museum passed through near moribund stage. It was a very lean period when the museum's income of Rs 1100/- which the museum used to derive as interest of the Trust Fund came to a stop permanently, because the government promissory notes could not be transferred to East Pakistan from Calcutta where they were blocked by the Accountant-General to the Government of West Bengal. The museum depended on occasional non-recurring grants from the central and provincial governments, which enabled the institution to add to the collection of antiquities and to its library. During this period, the museum received from the Central government a sum of Rs 10,000/- (in 1958) for publication of research works through the good offices of the Department of Archaeology. From the same source and through the same channel, the museum again received in 1961 Rs 30,000/- for construction of a library building in order to relieve the acute congestion in the museum. The provincial government supplemented this grant by an interest free loan of Rs 14,000/-. With these amounts the present library building was constructed in 1961 after the medical school had vacated the northern half of the museum premises. To compensate the damages, done to the Curator's quarters and other properties, the school made over to the museum their 'Anatomy Museum' building which they had erected within the walled compound of the museum.<br />
<br />
The museum strove hard since the Partition to maintain its activities. But a growing institution like the museum cannot continue indefinitely on occasional government grants. The Government of Pakistan refused to approve the scheme submitted in 1961 for development of the museum unless the institution was handed over to the provincial government. The Management Committee, however, ignored the central government's directive because they regarded the transfer of the institution to the government as a betrayal of the objectives of the museum.<br />
<br />
The Rajshahi University authorities and the Rajshahi District Administration succeeded in impressing upon the provincial government to hand over the museum to the university. The deed of transfer was duly signed and the formal transfer took place on 10 October 1964. The university assumed full financial responsibility of the museum.<br />
<br />
The Varendra Research Museum collection consists of stone and metal sculptures, epigraphs, coins, pottery and plaques in terracotta, weapons, Arabic and Persian documents, paintings, books and periodicals, Sanskrit and Bangla manuscripts.<br />
<br />
Gallery-1 offers relics of the Indus Valley-Civilisation (2500 BC), finds from the excavations at Paharpur in Bangladesh (8th-12th century AD), Persian farmans and Bangla documents, Sanskrit inscriptions in old Bangla scripts, glazed tiles, metal ware in Islamic style, hand written copies of the Holy Quran, Bangla and Sanskrit manuscripts, Mughal paintings and miscellaneous sculptures in stone and bronze, antiquities from Nalanda, Bihar and other parts of India.<br />
<br />
In Gallery-2, there are Buddhist and Hindu stone sculptures and modern wood sculptures. Gallery-3 displays Hindu sculptures: images of Surya, Shiva, Ganesha and Visnu, including his incarnatory forms. In Gallery-4 are cult icons of the Shaktas of Durga-Gauri-Uma-Parvati, the Matrikas and Chamunda. Gallery-5 offers images of Buddha, Bodhisattavas, Taras, Jaina Tirthankaras and minor gods and goddesses of Hinduism. In Gallery-6 there are Arabic. Persian, Sanskrit and old Bangla stone inscriptions, sculptured stones of the Muslim period, miharab, decorated doorjambs and lintels and a pair of Sher Shah's Bronze cannons.<br />
<br />
The upper row of the verandah is furnished with terracotta moulded plaques from Paharpur. In the bottom row are Buddhist and Hindu sculptures. The courtyard offers a fascinating view of sculptured stones from Hindu and Muslim buildings, stone pillars, Shiva Lingams and Yonipattas.<br />
<br />
The museum library built up a collection of books and periodicals, right from the beginning, essential for research and higher studies in ancient and medieval history and art and archaeology of Bengal. The number of Sanskrit manuscripts traced so far is 2,530. An idea of their subject matter can be formed from the descriptive catalogue of 840 manuscripts prepared and already published (1979), 89 Puranas, 106 Smrti, 98 Grammar, 24 Lexicons, 71 Poetry, 10 Drama, 5 Rhetoric, 62 Vasisnava literature, 75 Vedanta (Nyaya), 37 Ayurveda. 37 Astrology, 2 History, 3 Buddhist literatures, 12 Miscellaneous. The museum can, at present with 10,147 volumes, reasonably feel proud of its library. [Saifuddin Chowdhury]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Research Institutes]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:বরেন্দ্র গবেষণা জাদুঘর]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Raishaheb_Eishanchandra&diff=15607Sarkar, Raishaheb Eishanchandra2026-06-17T04:28:39Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sarkar, Raishaheb Eishanchandra''' (1840-1915) Zamindar and philanthropist, was born in 1840 in the village of Eishan Gopalpur of Kotowali thana in Faridpur district. Eishanchandra spent most of his earnings from the zamindari estate for the welfare of the people. His welfare work was not limited within his zamindari estate and he dedicated himself for the welfare of the people of greater Faridpur. <br />
<br />
At that time there was no health care facility in Eishan Gopalpur village. Eishanchandra Sarkar set up a charitable health center at his residence in Gopalpur. He used to bear all the expenses of this health center. After Eishanchandra's death in 1915, his son Indubhushan Sarkar set up a hospital in 1925 near to his house and named it 'Eishan Datobbo Chikitshalay' (Eishan Charitable Health Center) after his father. <br />
<br />
Eishanchandra Sarkar used to take a lot of interest in education. He established a middle school named 'Eishan Institution' on his own land in 1885, in the heart of Faridpur city. The morning shift of the school was for the girls while the day shift for the boys. Later, a girls school named 'Eishan Girl's High School' was founded at the same place. [Jagadish Chandra Ghosh] <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:সরকার, রায়সাহেব ঈশানচন্দ্র]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Raishaheb_Eishanchandra&diff=15606Sarkar, Raishaheb Eishanchandra2026-06-17T04:27:32Z<p>Mukbil: Created page with "'''Sarkar, Raishaheb Eishanchandra''' (1840-1915) Zamindar and philanthropist, was born in 1840 in the village of Eishan Gopalpur of Kotowali thana in Faridpur district. Eishanchandra spent most of his earnings from the zamindari estate for the welfare of the people. His welfare work was not limited within his zamindari estate and he dedicated himself for the welfare of the people of greater Faridpur. At that time there was no health care facility in Eishan Gopalpur v..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sarkar, Raishaheb Eishanchandra''' (1840-1915) Zamindar and philanthropist, was born in 1840 in the village of Eishan Gopalpur of Kotowali thana in Faridpur district. Eishanchandra spent most of his earnings from the zamindari estate for the welfare of the people. His welfare work was not limited within his zamindari estate and he dedicated himself for the welfare of the people of greater Faridpur. <br />
<br />
At that time there was no health care facility in Eishan Gopalpur village. Eishanchandra Sarkar set up a charitable health center at his residence in Gopalpur. He used to bear all the expenses of this health center. After Eishanchandra's death in 1915, his son Indubhushan Sarkar set up a hospital in 1925 near to his house and named it 'Eishan Datobbo Chikitshalay' (Eishan Charitable Health Center) after his father. <br />
<br />
Eishanchandra Sarkar used to take a lot of interest in education. He established a middle school named 'Eishan Institution' on his own land in 1885, in the heart of Faridpur city. The morning shift of the school was for the girls while the day shift for the boys. Later, a girls school named 'Eishan Girl's High School' was founded at the same place. [Jagadish Chandra Ghosh] <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:সরকার, রায়সাহবে ঈশানচন্দ্র]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sake_Deen_Mahomed&diff=15605Sake Deen Mahomed2026-06-16T09:59:52Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sake Deen Mahomed''' see [[Deen Mahomed, Sake|deen mahomed, sake]]<br />
<br />
[[bn: শেখ দীন মহম্মদ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sake_Deen_Mahomed&diff=15604Sake Deen Mahomed2026-06-16T09:59:35Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sake Deen Mahomed''' see [[Deen Mahomed, Sake|Deen Mahomed, Sake]]<br />
<br />
[[bn: শেখ দীন মহম্মদ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sake_Deen_Mahomed&diff=15603Sake Deen Mahomed2026-06-16T09:58:04Z<p>Mukbil: Created page with "'''Sake Deen Mahomed''' see Deen Mahomed,Sake bn: শেখ দীন মহম্মদ"</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sake Deen Mahomed''' see [[Deen Mahomed,Sake|Deen Mahomed,Sake]]<br />
<br />
[[bn: শেখ দীন মহম্মদ]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy,_Satish_Chandra&diff=15602Roy, Satish Chandra2026-06-04T06:57:41Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Roy, Satish Chandra''' (1866-1931) educationist, litterateur and researcher was born in a zamindar family at [[Shahjadpur Mosque|shahjadpur]] in [[Pabna District|pabna]] district on 17 October 1866. He passed Entrance examination from Dhaka Collegiate School, FA from Dhaka College, BA from General Assembly's Institution and MA from Sanskrit College.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra started his career as a teacher at [[Jagannath College|jagannath college]]. He left teaching shortly afterwards to devote himself to literary activities and research. He was proficient in Hindi language and literature and well versed in history, linguistics and archaeology.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra collected many ancient [[Puthi|puthi]]s for Dhaka University, which are preserved in the university library. He also conducted research on these manuscripts. At the request of Dhaka University he edited Harivangsha, an ancient poetic work by Bhavananda, which was published by the university. Some other important books edited by Satish Chandra include Gopalcharitam, Nayikaratnamala, and Padakalpataru.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra translated several Sanskrit books into Bangla, among them [[Kalidasa|kalidasa]]' Meghdut, [[Jaydev|jaydev]]'s Gitagovindam and Kaludev's Rasamavjari. Apart from his Bangla books and scholarly essays, he also wrote a number of essays in Hindi.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra was vice-president of the [[Vangiya Sahitya Parishad|vangiya sahitya prishad]]. He was also an expert in music and used to play [[Mridanga|mridanga]] and [[Tabla|tabla]]. He died at Dhamgar in Narayanganj district on 29 May 1931. [Satyanarayan Chakraborty]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[bn:রায়, সতীশচন্দ্র১]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy,_Satish_Chandra&diff=15601Roy, Satish Chandra2026-06-04T06:52:02Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Roy, Satish Chandra''' (1866-1931) educationist, litterateur and researcher was born in a zamindar family at [[Shahjadpur Mosque|shahjadpur]] in [[Pabna District|pabna]] district on 17 October 1866. He passed Entrance examination from Dhaka Collegiate School, FA from Dhaka College, BA from General Assembly's Institution and MA from Sanskrit College.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra started his career as a teacher at [[Jagannath College|jagannath college]]. He left teaching shortly afterwards to devote himself to literary activities and research. He was proficient in Hindi language and literature and well versed in history, linguistics and archaeology.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra collected many ancient [[Puthi|puthi]]s for Dhaka University, which are preserved in the university library. He also conducted research on these manuscripts. At the request of Dhaka University he edited Harivangsha, an ancient poetic work by Bhavananda, which was published by the university. Some other important books edited by Satish Chandra include Gopalcharitam, Nayikaratnamala, and Padakalpataru.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra translated several Sanskrit books into Bangla, among them [[Kalidasa|kalidasa]]' Meghdut, [[Jaydev|jaydev]]'s Gitagovindam and Kaludev's Rasamavjari. Apart from his Bangla books and scholarly essays, he also wrote a number of essays in Hindi.<br />
<br />
Satish Chandra was vice-president of the [[Vangiya Sahitya Parishad|vangiya sahitya prishad]]. He was also an expert in music and used to play [[Mridanga|mridanga]] and [[Tabla|tabla]]. He died at Dhamgar in Narayanganj district on 29 May 1931. [Satyanarayan Chakraborty]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[bn:রায়, সতীশচন্দ্র২]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Ehtesham&diff=15600Rahman, Ehtesham2026-06-04T06:42:39Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>Rahman, Ehtesham see [[Ehtesham|ehtesham]].<br />
<br />
[[bn:রহমান, এহ্তেশামুর]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Ehtesham&diff=15599Rahman, Ehtesham2026-06-04T06:39:16Z<p>Mukbil: Created page with "Rahman, Ehtesham see ehtesham. bn:রহমান, এহতেশামুর"</p>
<hr />
<div>Rahman, Ehtesham see [[Ehtesham|ehtesham]].<br />
<br />
[[bn:রহমান, এহতেশামুর]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshid,_Nurjahan&diff=15598Murshid, Nurjahan2026-05-10T08:23:19Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Murshid, Nurjahan''' (1924-2003) activist in women empowerment, politics, and [[War of Liberation, The|war of liberation]] and minister in the cabinet of Bangabandhu [[Rahman, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur|sheikh mujibur rahman]]. Born on 19 May 1924 in Taranagar of Murshidabad district, Nurjahan Murshid had her primary education in her native village. She obtained part of her school education in Barisal, and then she moved to Kolkata. She got her graduation and Master's degrees from Calcutta University. Wife of Professor Khan Sarwar Murshid, formerly Professor of English at Dhaka University, Nurjahan began her eventful career as a teacher at Syedunnesa Girls' High School in Barisal. Later, she taught at Kamrunnesa School, Viquarunnesa Noon School, Holy Cross College and Dhaka University. <br />
<br />
Before partition of the subcontinent, Nurjahan Murshid worked as a broadcaster with the All India Radio broadcasting career with the Radio Pakistan after partition.<br />
<br />
Nurjahan Murshid joined politics in the early 1950s. As a nominee of the [[United Front|united front]] in the parliamentary elections of 1954, she was elected to the Legislative Assembly of East Bengal and made a parliamentary secretary. As a female lawmaker, Nurjahan made significant contributions in the lawmaking processes. She worked as a close associate of [[Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed|huseyn shaheed suhrawardy]]. She was an ardent activist in the War of Liberation. As an accredited deputy of the [[Mujibnagar Government|mujibnagar government]], Nurjahan delivered a speech in a joint meeting of the two houses of the Indian parliament seeking recognition of Bangladesh from the Indian government. That prompted the Pakistan military junta to sentence her to 14 years in prison in absentia. In 1972, she joined Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's cabinet as state minister for health and social welfare. She was elected to the country's first parliament in 1973. She was the first president of the [[Bangladesh Mahila Samiti|bangladesh mahila samiti]]. She published a short-lived Bangla periodical, ''Ekal''. Later, the paper was renamed as ''Edesh-Ekal''. Nurjahan Murshid died on 2 September 2003. [Md Mukbil Hossain]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biography]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:মুরশিদ, নূরজাহান]]</div>Mukbilhttps://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Geology_Education&diff=15597Geology Education2026-04-28T08:16:41Z<p>Mukbil: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Geology Education''' imparted at the tertiary level in three universities of Bangladesh. The oldest Geology Department of Bangladesh, which was started on the 23 April 1949, with Professor [[Ghani, M Osman|m osman ghani]] as its head, is located in the Dhaka University. Dr M Osman Ghani who was also the head of the Department of Soil Science, remained head of Geology Department until 15 April 1956 with a break from the 22 July 1950 to the 16 July 1951, when Mr Sydney James Mayne, an Australian from Sydney was the head of the Department of Geology.<br />
<br />
In 1949 the teaching of Geology at Dhaka University began with a two-year BSc (pass) course. The first intake of six students in the two-year MSc course was during the academic session of 1957-58. BSc (honours) course was started from July 1967 at the Dhaka University. The Rajshahi University opened the Department of Geology and Mining in the year 1975 and it started the first year BSc (honours) classes from August of the same year. The [[Jahangirnagar University|jahangirnagar university]] established the Department of Geological Sciences in the year 1985. In the first two academic sessions the Department offered only minor (subsidiary) courses and the major (honours) courses in geological sciences were offered from the academic session of 1987-88. The Department of Geology presently offers degrees in Bachelor of Science (BS) with Honours, Master of Science (MS), Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Geology. The Department also offers minor courses for Honours students of other departments. The BS (Hons) is a four-year integrated programme consisting 126 credit hours of theory, practical, field mapping, project and viva voce (oral) courses as majors and 20 credit hours of physics, chemistry and mathematics courses as minors. The MS degree is a one-year programme based either on course work (Group A) or on course work along with research (Group B). Five major Streams are running individually at the MS level. Students are allowed to choose the field of study and research according to their interest.<br />
<br />
In the geology departments besides the basic courses such as mineralogy, petrology, palaeontology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology, geophysics etc, various other courses with emphasis on the applied frontiers of geology are offered. In the above departments, in general some of the applied fields taught are petroleum geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, clay mineralogy, structural geology, engineering geology, geomorphology, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology, Quaternary geology, remote sensing and photogeology, environmental geology etc. Since geology is a multidisciplinary subject, students of the geology departments at undergraduate level are required to study courses in physics, mathematics, statistics, chemistry and computing.<br />
<br />
The departments at Dhaka, Rajshahi and Jahangirnagar Universities have their own research programmes in various fields of geology such as sedimentary geology of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|chittagong hill tracts]], seismic investigations in some parts of Bangladesh, mineralogical and geochemical studies, structural studies of the [[Bengal Basin|bengal basin]], palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on the core samples, micropalaeontology of parts of the [[Surma Basin|surma basin]], groundwater chemistry, arsenic pollution of [[Groundwater|groundwater]], geology of the Gondwana coal in Bangladesh, studies on hardrock geology of Madhyapara hardrock mine, etc. PhD programmes are also available in all the three geology departments. Geological Society of Bangladesh was established in March 1972 and the Bangladesh Journal of Geology is the annual publication of the Society. In the Bangladesh Journal of Geology most of the publications are from the researches on geological sciences from Bangladesh. [Manzoor Hasan]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Education]]<br />
<br />
[[bn:ভূতত্ত্ব শিক্ষা]]</div>Mukbil