Banglapedia - Recent changes [en]

Tentulia River

Mukbil — Tue, 04 Aug 2026 11:55:28 GMT

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	[[Category:Natural Sciences]]		[[Category:Natural Sciences]]

			[[bn:তেঁতুলিয়া নদী]]

তেঁতুলিয়া নদী

Mukbil — Tue, 04 Aug 2026 11:53:41 GMT

Mukbil deleted page তেঁতুলিয়া নদী content was: "Category:Banglapedia '''তেঁতুলিয়া নদী''' (Tentulia River) মেঘনা নদীর নিম্নাংশের একটি প্রশস্ত নদী ধারা। ভোলা জেলার উত্তরে মেঘনা নদী থেকে উৎপন্ন হয়ে তেঁতুলিয়া, নিমদি,...", and the only contributor was "Mukbil" (talk)

Census

Mukbil — Tue, 04 Aug 2026 06:31:43 GMT

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	''Age at Marriage'' Census data do not allow us to calculate mean age at marriage; instead we calculate Singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM), an indirect mean age at first marriage from proportions of never married population. The SMAM for females was only 12.6 years in 1931. During 1931–1974, this mean increased by 3.3 years. Since 1974, the female SMAM increased from 15 years to 19.6 years in 2011. The SMAM clearly shows that the mean age at marriage has consistently increased from its 1931 level to 2011. It is true for both sexes. Over this period, the mean age at marriage for males has gone up by 6.2 years. This is 6.8 years for females.		''Age at Marriage'' Census data do not allow us to calculate mean age at marriage; instead we calculate Singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM), an indirect mean age at first marriage from proportions of never married population. The SMAM for females was only 12.6 years in 1931. During 1931–1974, this mean increased by 3.3 years. Since 1974, the female SMAM increased from 15 years to 19.6 years in 2011. The SMAM clearly shows that the mean age at marriage has consistently increased from its 1931 level to 2011. It is true for both sexes. Over this period, the mean age at marriage for males has gone up by 6.2 years. This is 6.8 years for females.

	''Literacy Rate'' The literacy rate of population aged 7 years and above was 26.8 percent in 1974, which increased to 51.8 percent in 2011. This increase was significantly more pronounced among the males than among the females. Adult literacy rate for population aged 15 years and above in 2011 is 53. In adult literacy, the increase was more pronounced among the females. [~~M Ataharul~~ Islam]		''Literacy Rate'' The literacy rate of population aged 7 years and above was 26.8 percent in 1974, which increased to 51.8 percent in 2011. This increase was significantly more pronounced among the males than among the females. Adult literacy rate for population aged 15 years and above in 2011 is 53. In adult literacy, the increase was more pronounced among the females. [Md. Nurul Islam]

	'''References''' BBS (2015). Population and Housing Census 2011. National Report, Volume–1; BBS (2018). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2018. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka.		'''References''' BBS (2015). Population and Housing Census 2011. National Report, Volume–1; BBS (2018). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2018. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka.

Communist Party of Bangladesh

Mukbil — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:04:20 GMT

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	CPB has successfully held its seventh congress in 1999 and eighth congress in 2003. In the ninth congress of the party held on 7-9 August 2008 CPB had its new central executive committee formed with Manjurul Ahsan Khan as president and Mujahidul Islam Selim as general secretary. From then on four regular congresses were held by CPB, in the last eleventh congress CPB adopted the strategy of completing first a 'revolutionary Democratic transformation of the Society oriented towards Socialism'. In the adopted political resolution of the congress it calls the countrymen for “forming an alternative 'left-democratic front' outside the two other fronts led by the AL and BNP- which according to the resolution are the two factions of the same ruling class, the so-called 'Plundering Bourgeoisie'.		CPB has successfully held its seventh congress in 1999 and eighth congress in 2003. In the ninth congress of the party held on 7-9 August 2008 CPB had its new central executive committee formed with Manjurul Ahsan Khan as president and Mujahidul Islam Selim as general secretary. From then on four regular congresses were held by CPB, in the last eleventh congress CPB adopted the strategy of completing first a 'revolutionary Democratic transformation of the Society oriented towards Socialism'. In the adopted political resolution of the congress it calls the countrymen for “forming an alternative 'left-democratic front' outside the two other fronts led by the AL and BNP- which according to the resolution are the two factions of the same ruling class, the so-called 'Plundering Bourgeoisie'.

	CPB is giving priority to the urgent task of fighting religious fundamentalism, and the party is also working to build up a united front with left and democratic force in order to become a third alternative in the field of politics. [~~Muazzam Hussain Khan and~~ MM Akash]		CPB is giving priority to the urgent task of fighting religious fundamentalism, and the party is also working to build up a united front with left and democratic force in order to become a third alternative in the field of politics. [MM Akash]

	[[bn:বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি]]		[[bn:বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি]]

Radical Politics

Mukbil — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:03:15 GMT

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	The anti-secular and anti-socialist forces became very active in the political arena after the August coup. A section of pro-Beijing communists welcomed the new regime. The coup opened the door of power politics and intrigue in and outside the cantonments. This resulted in another coup on 3 November 1975 by a group of senior army officers, which overthrew the government of Khondakar Mostaq Ahmad. This coup was short-lived as it was again overthrown by a counter coup in the early morning of 7 November 1975. An early morning announcement in the radio referred to a 'revolution' initiated by the 'Biplabi Gana Bahini', the armed wing of JSD. However, the 'revolution' was side tracked by the rise of General Ziaur Rahman. Soon JSD was accused of 'acts of subversion against the patriotic army and the integrity of the state'. A secret trial was held inside the Dhaka Central Jail where Col. [[Taher, Colonel Abu\|abu taher]], a leader of the JSD, was hanged and many of its top leaders imprisoned.		The anti-secular and anti-socialist forces became very active in the political arena after the August coup. A section of pro-Beijing communists welcomed the new regime. The coup opened the door of power politics and intrigue in and outside the cantonments. This resulted in another coup on 3 November 1975 by a group of senior army officers, which overthrew the government of Khondakar Mostaq Ahmad. This coup was short-lived as it was again overthrown by a counter coup in the early morning of 7 November 1975. An early morning announcement in the radio referred to a 'revolution' initiated by the 'Biplabi Gana Bahini', the armed wing of JSD. However, the 'revolution' was side tracked by the rise of General Ziaur Rahman. Soon JSD was accused of 'acts of subversion against the patriotic army and the integrity of the state'. A secret trial was held inside the Dhaka Central Jail where Col. [[Taher, Colonel Abu\|abu taher]], a leader of the JSD, was hanged and many of its top leaders imprisoned.

	Socialism as a state policy had been officially recognised by the government of Bangladesh since its very inception. This was somewhat reflected in the first five-year plan (1973-78). However, since 1975 state policy itself went against the concept of radical social transformation. [~~Mohiuddin Ahmad~~]		Socialism as a state policy had been officially recognised by the government of Bangladesh since its very inception. This was somewhat reflected in the first five-year plan (1973-78). However, since 1975 state policy itself went against the concept of radical social transformation. [MM Akash]

	'''Bibliography''' V Putchkov, ''Thirty-five Years of Struggle, Communist Party of Bangladesh'' (Trans by Mozammel Hossain and Nazrul Islam as SangramerPoitrishBachhar, Bangladesher Communist Party) Dhaka, 1983; Sumanta Banarjee, ''In the Wake of Naxalbari'', Calcutta, 1980; K Antonova, G Bongard-Levin, and G. Kotovsky, ''A History of India'', Book 2, Moscow, 1979; Badruddin Umar, ''Purba Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti'', Dhaka, 1970.		'''Bibliography''' V Putchkov, ''Thirty-five Years of Struggle, Communist Party of Bangladesh'' (Trans by Mozammel Hossain and Nazrul Islam as SangramerPoitrishBachhar, Bangladesher Communist Party) Dhaka, 1983; Sumanta Banarjee, ''In the Wake of Naxalbari'', Calcutta, 1980; K Antonova, G Bongard-Levin, and G. Kotovsky, ''A History of India'', Book 2, Moscow, 1979; Badruddin Umar, ''Purba Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti'', Dhaka, 1970.

Comilla University

Mukbil — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 04:24:46 GMT

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	[[Image:ComillaUniversityMuktamancha.jpg\|right\|thumbnail\|300px\|Muktamancha]]		[[Image:ComillaUniversityMuktamancha.jpg\|right\|thumbnail\|300px\|Muktamancha]]
	The first convocation of Comilla University (CoU) was held on 27 January 2020. President Abdul Hamid, the Chancellor of the university attended there while Finance Minister AHM Mustafa Kamal delivered the convocation speech. 2888 graduates attended there.		The first convocation of Comilla University (CoU) was held on 27 January 2020. President Abdul Hamid, the Chancellor of the university attended there while Finance Minister AHM Mustafa Kamal delivered the convocation speech. 2888 graduates attended there.
	Comilla University has already expanded its campus by about 200 acres under the ongoing further development project, though it started its journey with only 50 acres of land. Under the project, large scale development activities have been started. The main activities for the implementation of the project of BDT 1655.50 crore of Comilla University are- Land Acquisition (200.22 acres), Land Development (100 acres), Construction of Academic Building, 2nd Administrative Building, Construction of Student Hall, construction of dormitory building, staff residential buildings, school building, Teacher-Student Center (TSC), sports complex, development of family recreation area, excavation of lake etc. Bangladesh Army has been given the responsibility to implement the project. [Ali ~~Morshed~~ Kazem]		Comilla University has already expanded its campus by about 200 acres under the ongoing further development project, though it started its journey with only 50 acres of land. Under the project, large scale development activities have been started. The main activities for the implementation of the project of BDT 1655.50 crore of Comilla University are- Land Acquisition (200.22 acres), Land Development (100 acres), Construction of Academic Building, 2nd Administrative Building, Construction of Student Hall, construction of dormitory building, staff residential buildings, school building, Teacher-Student Center (TSC), sports complex, development of family recreation area, excavation of lake etc. Bangladesh Army has been given the responsibility to implement the project. [Md. Ali Morsad Kazem]

	[[bn:কুমিল্লা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]		[[bn:কুমিল্লা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]

Census

Mukbil — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 04:09:18 GMT

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Fyzennessa, Nurun Nahar

Mukbil — Sat, 25 Jul 2026 07:05:48 GMT

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	[[Category:Biography]]		[[Category:Biography]]

			[[bn: ফয়জননেসা, নুরুননাহার]]

Dolls

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 06:27:11 GMT

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	Shola dolls are made in the [[Faridpur District\|faridpur]] and [[Rajshahi District\|rajshahi]] regions, and at Shankhari Bazar in [[Dhaka\|dhaka]]. The craftsmen cut shola into pieces and make different types of dolls by pasting the cut strips together. Normally, such dolls are sold at village fairs.		Shola dolls are made in the [[Faridpur District\|faridpur]] and [[Rajshahi District\|rajshahi]] regions, and at Shankhari Bazar in [[Dhaka\|dhaka]]. The craftsmen cut shola into pieces and make different types of dolls by pasting the cut strips together. Normally, such dolls are sold at village fairs.

	~~[[Image:PutulNach1.jpg\|thumbnail\|300px\|right\|Puppet-show]]~~
	The cloth dolls of today differ from the rag dolls of the past. These are sophisticated dolls, mainly influenced by the Japanese doll, and are made as decoration pieces rather than as children’s playthings. BSCIC offers training in doll making. Authentic in features and costumes, these dolls display the rich variety of Bangladeshi costumes and occupations. Common dolls of this type include brides and bridegrooms, gypsies, [[Manipuri, The\|manipuri]] dancers, etc.		The cloth dolls of today differ from the rag dolls of the past. These are sophisticated dolls, mainly influenced by the Japanese doll, and are made as decoration pieces rather than as children’s playthings. BSCIC offers training in doll making. Authentic in features and costumes, these dolls display the rich variety of Bangladeshi costumes and occupations. Common dolls of this type include brides and bridegrooms, gypsies, [[Manipuri, The\|manipuri]] dancers, etc.

Brickfield

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:30:18 GMT

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	Except in automated plants, brick blocks are molded manually and piled close to the firing ovens so that they can be dried. Drying takes 5 to 12 days, after which the blocks are put into kilns for firing. Blocks in kilns are covered with brick dust for insulation. In fields, which are not automated and do not have gas connections, the firing starts with [[wood]] and later continues with coal. The coal is imported mainly from India because it is cheaper. Substitutes of coal in some cases include wood dust, furnace oil and even rejected tyres. [[Natural Gas\|natural gas]] is used in only about 200 brickfields that are close to gas distribution networks around [[Dhaka District\|dhaka]], [[Brahmanbaria District\|brahmanbaria]] and [[Chittagong District\|chittagong]].		Except in automated plants, brick blocks are molded manually and piled close to the firing ovens so that they can be dried. Drying takes 5 to 12 days, after which the blocks are put into kilns for firing. Blocks in kilns are covered with brick dust for insulation. In fields, which are not automated and do not have gas connections, the firing starts with [[wood]] and later continues with coal. The coal is imported mainly from India because it is cheaper. Substitutes of coal in some cases include wood dust, furnace oil and even rejected tyres. [[Natural Gas\|natural gas]] is used in only about 200 brickfields that are close to gas distribution networks around [[Dhaka District\|dhaka]], [[Brahmanbaria District\|brahmanbaria]] and [[Chittagong District\|chittagong]].

	Using firewood in brickfields is banned legally, but actually the practice still continues on a fairly large scale. Brickfields classify construction bricks into three grades depending upon quality of raw materials used, evenness of firing and damages like cracks or breaks. Grade I is suitable for construction of buildings, roads and bridges, grade II for structures requiring relatively less compressive strength, and grade III for temporary structures. Automated brickfields produce mainly grade I bricks and also ceramic and refractory bricks used in construction of decorated buildings, boilers and some specialised industrial establishments. Brickfields have been blamed for increasing [[Air Pollution\|air pollution]], especially during the dry season. The pollution is caused by poor quality of fuel and improper design of chimneys. Ash, dust and sulfur dioxide gas pollute the areas surrounding brickfields and acid rain syndrome has become a regular phenomenon in such areas. Brickfields also cause crop loss, corrosion of metallic content of soil and loss of soil fertility. Burning in kiln makes the land unusable for cultivation for several years. [Mushfiqur Rahman]		Using firewood in brickfields is banned legally, but actually the practice still continues on a fairly large scale. Brickfields classify construction bricks into three grades depending upon quality of raw materials used, evenness of firing and damages like cracks or breaks. Grade I is suitable for construction of buildings, roads and bridges, grade II for structures requiring relatively less compressive strength, and grade III for temporary structures. Automated brickfields produce mainly grade I bricks and also ceramic and refractory bricks used in construction of decorated buildings, boilers and some specialised industrial establishments. Brickfields have been blamed for increasing [[Air Pollution\|air pollution]], especially during the dry season. The pollution is caused by poor quality of fuel and improper design of chimneys. Ash, dust and sulfur dioxide gas pollute the areas surrounding brickfields and acid rain syndrome has become a regular phenomenon in such areas. Brickfields also cause crop loss, corrosion of metallic content of soil and loss of soil fertility. Burning in kiln makes the land unusable for cultivation for several years. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[bn:ইটখোলা]]		[[bn:ইটখোলা]]

Cement Industry

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:29:32 GMT

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	Historically, Bangladesh did not depend much on cement. It also did not have enough natural resources for manufacturing it. The base materials traditionally used in house building and other construction required little use of cement. Gradual substitution of traditional building structures or pattern by modern high-rise ones has pushed up the use of cement. But as the economy continued to remain agro based, construction sectors had not been able to gain momentum and as the infrastructure development was selective, cement remained a product of low demand. A faster growth in demand for cement has been observed only since mid 1980s, specially with implementation of large infrastructure projects, increased pace of urbanization, construction of apartment buildings and multistoried shopping complexes in urban areas, and in the moneyed rural people for modern houses.		Historically, Bangladesh did not depend much on cement. It also did not have enough natural resources for manufacturing it. The base materials traditionally used in house building and other construction required little use of cement. Gradual substitution of traditional building structures or pattern by modern high-rise ones has pushed up the use of cement. But as the economy continued to remain agro based, construction sectors had not been able to gain momentum and as the infrastructure development was selective, cement remained a product of low demand. A faster growth in demand for cement has been observed only since mid 1980s, specially with implementation of large infrastructure projects, increased pace of urbanization, construction of apartment buildings and multistoried shopping complexes in urban areas, and in the moneyed rural people for modern houses.

	Private local enterprises dominate the current cement production (60%) of the country while multinational cement manufacturing companies like Lafarge Mollins, Cemex, Holcim, Heidelberg account for 40% market share. Clinker is mainly imported from China, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and India and used as raw material for cement manufacturing by the companies in Bangladesh. Among the local cement manufacturing companies Shah Cement, Akij Cement, Fresh, Crown, Seven Circle, Aramit, Royal etc. are the major ones. The manufacturing of cement is based on both locally available raw materials and imported clinker. The mills that produce cement from imported clinker are located mainly around Dhaka, Chittagong and Mongla. There are 74 cement companies registered with the relevant government agencies but around 30 companies are in operation in 2010. These mills produced 21 million tonnes cement per annum. A 50-kg bag of cement sells at Tk. 380-430. Some small manufacturing plants in northern and southern parts of the country had already been shut down in the last few years, as those lost out their competitiveness to big market players. Local raw material based cement production depends on limestone deposits that lie in St. Martins Island, Joupurhat and Sylhet areas. The deposit in Sylhet supported the production of cement in the Chattak and Ayeenpur cement factories in the 1960-1990s. These plants shut their operation due to their supply shortages of limestone and also due to their inability to stand with their market competitors. [Mushfiqur Rahman]		Private local enterprises dominate the current cement production (60%) of the country while multinational cement manufacturing companies like Lafarge Mollins, Cemex, Holcim, Heidelberg account for 40% market share. Clinker is mainly imported from China, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and India and used as raw material for cement manufacturing by the companies in Bangladesh. Among the local cement manufacturing companies Shah Cement, Akij Cement, Fresh, Crown, Seven Circle, Aramit, Royal etc. are the major ones. The manufacturing of cement is based on both locally available raw materials and imported clinker. The mills that produce cement from imported clinker are located mainly around Dhaka, Chittagong and Mongla. There are 74 cement companies registered with the relevant government agencies but around 30 companies are in operation in 2010. These mills produced 21 million tonnes cement per annum. A 50-kg bag of cement sells at Tk. 380-430. Some small manufacturing plants in northern and southern parts of the country had already been shut down in the last few years, as those lost out their competitiveness to big market players. Local raw material based cement production depends on limestone deposits that lie in St. Martins Island, Joupurhat and Sylhet areas. The deposit in Sylhet supported the production of cement in the Chattak and Ayeenpur cement factories in the 1960-1990s. These plants shut their operation due to their supply shortages of limestone and also due to their inability to stand with their market competitors. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[bn:সিমেন্ট শিল্প]]		[[bn:সিমেন্ট শিল্প]]

Compressed Natural Gas

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:28:55 GMT

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	Encouragingly, the demand for conversion facilities is increasing. Given the limitations of existing CNG conversion capacity and refuelling stations, the government has decided to allow private operators in this sector. At the initial stage, four private operators - Natural Gas Resources Ltd, East Coast Group Ltd, Texas Gas Company Ltd and Prem International - were permitted to develop CNG conversion, filling, and marketing facilities under certain conditions. One such condition is that within the next five years private operators will have to develop five CNG filling and marketing stations, each with adequate workshop facilities for conversion of vehicles. These private operators hope to cover the whole of Bangladesh in phases wherever piped gas facilities are available to operate CNG refuelling stations. Private operators have been asked to maintain New Zealand/European standards in operating filling stations and installing conversion kits and cylinders. The gas tariff for production and selling of CNG will be fixed by the government from time to time.		Encouragingly, the demand for conversion facilities is increasing. Given the limitations of existing CNG conversion capacity and refuelling stations, the government has decided to allow private operators in this sector. At the initial stage, four private operators - Natural Gas Resources Ltd, East Coast Group Ltd, Texas Gas Company Ltd and Prem International - were permitted to develop CNG conversion, filling, and marketing facilities under certain conditions. One such condition is that within the next five years private operators will have to develop five CNG filling and marketing stations, each with adequate workshop facilities for conversion of vehicles. These private operators hope to cover the whole of Bangladesh in phases wherever piped gas facilities are available to operate CNG refuelling stations. Private operators have been asked to maintain New Zealand/European standards in operating filling stations and installing conversion kits and cylinders. The gas tariff for production and selling of CNG will be fixed by the government from time to time.

	The cost of installation of one refuelling station for CNG is considered around Taka 11 million. Conversion of a vehicle costs approximately Taka 22,000 to 30,000, depending on the fuel tank size. If CNG pressure at the refuelling dispensers point is available as per the required level, approximately Tk 80 worth of CNG (at a rate of Tk 7.35/cu m) will be enough for a sedan car to run 100 km (for octane users, the same car will run for a maximum of 30 km at the same cost at the prevailing fuel rate) in Dhaka. One of the major constraints of CNG vehicles, however, is its comparatively lower energy density. There is loss of power, especially in heavy-duty vehicles. CNG buses have a limited range (depending on the number of CNG cylinders and their storage capacity installed) and require frequent refuelling. The typical diesel buses run 350 km a day, but the CNG charge lasts only 250 km. [Mushfiqur Rahman]		The cost of installation of one refuelling station for CNG is considered around Taka 11 million. Conversion of a vehicle costs approximately Taka 22,000 to 30,000, depending on the fuel tank size. If CNG pressure at the refuelling dispensers point is available as per the required level, approximately Tk 80 worth of CNG (at a rate of Tk 7.35/cu m) will be enough for a sedan car to run 100 km (for octane users, the same car will run for a maximum of 30 km at the same cost at the prevailing fuel rate) in Dhaka. One of the major constraints of CNG vehicles, however, is its comparatively lower energy density. There is loss of power, especially in heavy-duty vehicles. CNG buses have a limited range (depending on the number of CNG cylinders and their storage capacity installed) and require frequent refuelling. The typical diesel buses run 350 km a day, but the CNG charge lasts only 250 km. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[Category:natural sciences]]		[[Category:natural sciences]]

	[[bn:সংকুচিত প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস]]		[[bn:সংকুচিত প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস]]

Production Sharing Contract

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:28:05 GMT

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	Under these circumstances new initiative for oil and gas exploration in the offshore areas of the country was undertaken in 2006. A new draft Model Production Sharing Contract was prepared. This draft Model PSC includes the following significant features: i) The territorial offshore area of the country was divided into 28 blocks which are limited within 2,611 – 7,400 squire kilometre areas; ii) The new PSC has included the Mandatory Work Program which was absent in the older version of PSC; iii) The old PSC did not have clear policies on Insurance and Bank Guarantee commensurate to the market cost and the new PSC included them; iv) The cost recovery limit in the new PSC is fixed at 55% maximum. This provision was biddable and negotiable in the older version of the PSC; v) Similarly in the profit sharing section the minimum rate of profit sharing rate has been fixed in the new PSC depending on the gas production rate changing the old PSC provision for determining the rate of profit sharing through negotiation and bidding; The profit sharing allocation has been defined for shallow offshore blocks at a rate of 55% and for the deep offshore blocks at a rate of 50%. v) Among the other significant amendments the new PSC imposed the liability of payment of Corporate Income Tax to the Contractor. Also the dispute resolution section refers to the Bangladesh Arbitration Act, 2001 and the arbitration to take place in Dhaka. In case of transfer of more than 50% shares of the company mandatory requirement for prior approval from Petrobangla is needed.		Under these circumstances new initiative for oil and gas exploration in the offshore areas of the country was undertaken in 2006. A new draft Model Production Sharing Contract was prepared. This draft Model PSC includes the following significant features: i) The territorial offshore area of the country was divided into 28 blocks which are limited within 2,611 – 7,400 squire kilometre areas; ii) The new PSC has included the Mandatory Work Program which was absent in the older version of PSC; iii) The old PSC did not have clear policies on Insurance and Bank Guarantee commensurate to the market cost and the new PSC included them; iv) The cost recovery limit in the new PSC is fixed at 55% maximum. This provision was biddable and negotiable in the older version of the PSC; v) Similarly in the profit sharing section the minimum rate of profit sharing rate has been fixed in the new PSC depending on the gas production rate changing the old PSC provision for determining the rate of profit sharing through negotiation and bidding; The profit sharing allocation has been defined for shallow offshore blocks at a rate of 55% and for the deep offshore blocks at a rate of 50%. v) Among the other significant amendments the new PSC imposed the liability of payment of Corporate Income Tax to the Contractor. Also the dispute resolution section refers to the Bangladesh Arbitration Act, 2001 and the arbitration to take place in Dhaka. In case of transfer of more than 50% shares of the company mandatory requirement for prior approval from Petrobangla is needed.

	Petrobangla invited international tenders for bidding in the 28 offshore blocks of Bangladesh within the scope of the new model PSC 2008 in February 2008. Seven international companies (CNOOC China, Longwoods Ltd., Tallow Bangladesh, Comtrac Services, Korea National Oil Company, Cnoco Philips and Santosh International) participated in the bidding process. Out of 28 offshore blocks no bidder was attracted for 12 (block nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, 19, 22-28) blocks. Petrobangla has scrutinised the proposals submitted by interested oil and gas exploration companies for offshore blocks in 2008 and placed its recommendations to the government for decision. If approved new initiatives will be taken for oil and gas exploration activities in the offshore blocks. [Mushfiqur Rahman~~] [Rahman, Mushfiqur Country Manager, Asia Energy Corporation (BD) Pvt Limited~~]		Petrobangla invited international tenders for bidding in the 28 offshore blocks of Bangladesh within the scope of the new model PSC 2008 in February 2008. Seven international companies (CNOOC China, Longwoods Ltd., Tallow Bangladesh, Comtrac Services, Korea National Oil Company, Cnoco Philips and Santosh International) participated in the bidding process. Out of 28 offshore blocks no bidder was attracted for 12 (block nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, 19, 22-28) blocks. Petrobangla has scrutinised the proposals submitted by interested oil and gas exploration companies for offshore blocks in 2008 and placed its recommendations to the government for decision. If approved new initiatives will be taken for oil and gas exploration activities in the offshore blocks. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[bn:উৎপাদন বন্টন চুক্তি]]		[[bn:উৎপাদন বন্টন চুক্তি]]

Energy

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:27:08 GMT

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	Thirty per cent of the electricity produced by BPDB is distributed by the organisation itself, 50% is distributed by [[desa]] and the remaining 20% by Rural Electrification Board (REB). The transmission cost at the distribution level is a little more than Tk 2/kWh but BPDB supplies to DESA at Tk 1.91/kWh and at Tk 1.84/kWh to REB. BPDB earns a revenue of less than Tk 250 million per month from DESA and although BPDB';s official retail price for it';s consumers is more than Tk 3/kWh, its average realisation limit per unit is only Tk 1.75/kWh. As a result, BPDB is now on the verge of bankruptcy. According to some estimates, about $1 billion worth of industrial output is lost annually as a result of power outages. The government had created some new organisations and also allowed the formation of some others in the private sector with the objectives of solving problems in transmission and reducing the 'system loss';.		Thirty per cent of the electricity produced by BPDB is distributed by the organisation itself, 50% is distributed by [[desa]] and the remaining 20% by Rural Electrification Board (REB). The transmission cost at the distribution level is a little more than Tk 2/kWh but BPDB supplies to DESA at Tk 1.91/kWh and at Tk 1.84/kWh to REB. BPDB earns a revenue of less than Tk 250 million per month from DESA and although BPDB';s official retail price for it';s consumers is more than Tk 3/kWh, its average realisation limit per unit is only Tk 1.75/kWh. As a result, BPDB is now on the verge of bankruptcy. According to some estimates, about $1 billion worth of industrial output is lost annually as a result of power outages. The government had created some new organisations and also allowed the formation of some others in the private sector with the objectives of solving problems in transmission and reducing the 'system loss';.

	Based on an estimate that during the decade between 2000 and 2010, the power sector would require an investment of $6 billion, a significant part of which would not be available in the public sector, the government took a policy decision to invite private sector investments in the sector. External assistance is also sought for increasing power generation. To streamline the legislative basis for the reforms and to enable establishment of an independent regulatory authority, an Electricity Reform Act (in place of the Electricity Act 1910) is being formulated for approval by the Parliament. [Mushfiqur Rahman]		Based on an estimate that during the decade between 2000 and 2010, the power sector would require an investment of $6 billion, a significant part of which would not be available in the public sector, the government took a policy decision to invite private sector investments in the sector. External assistance is also sought for increasing power generation. To streamline the legislative basis for the reforms and to enable establishment of an independent regulatory authority, an Electricity Reform Act (in place of the Electricity Act 1910) is being formulated for approval by the Parliament. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[bn:শক্তি, এনার্জি]]		[[bn:শক্তি, এনার্জি]]

Gas, Natural

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:26:21 GMT

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	According to the opponents of gas export, the country's present gas reserve of 15 Tcf is modest and will perhaps be enough to meet the need of the immediate future, but not enough to meet the long-term future demand of the country. Bangladesh has been very much dependent on natural gas as its primary commercial fuel. It has no significant oil reserve, no prospect for further hydroelectric projects and the possibility of having nuclear power is as remote as ever. In the above context, natural gas will remain the sole source of commercial energy for a long time to come. If Bangladesh starts exporting natural gas now the present reserve may well be exhausted before an alternative energy source is in sight. This will be catastrophic for the future energy scenario of the country. The risk of depleting the gas reserve outweighs the short-term economic gain that may be achieved by pipeline export.		According to the opponents of gas export, the country's present gas reserve of 15 Tcf is modest and will perhaps be enough to meet the need of the immediate future, but not enough to meet the long-term future demand of the country. Bangladesh has been very much dependent on natural gas as its primary commercial fuel. It has no significant oil reserve, no prospect for further hydroelectric projects and the possibility of having nuclear power is as remote as ever. In the above context, natural gas will remain the sole source of commercial energy for a long time to come. If Bangladesh starts exporting natural gas now the present reserve may well be exhausted before an alternative energy source is in sight. This will be catastrophic for the future energy scenario of the country. The risk of depleting the gas reserve outweighs the short-term economic gain that may be achieved by pipeline export.

	Regarding the future of gas as a fuel, international energy experts say that oil and gas will remain the prime energy source till 2040, after which natural gas will be the near universal fuel. The use of natural gas will peak in 2050 following which its use will exceed that of oil and gas together. The take-off point of solar energy or other alternative energy will be delayed and will come before 2050. The opponents of gas export have suggested that Bangladesh should wait for a substantially large reserve to be discovered before considering gas export. [Badrul Imam]		Regarding the future of gas as a fuel, international energy experts say that oil and gas will remain the prime energy source till 2040, after which natural gas will be the near universal fuel. The use of natural gas will peak in 2050 following which its use will exceed that of oil and gas together. The take-off point of solar energy or other alternative energy will be delayed and will come before 2050. The opponents of gas export have suggested that Bangladesh should wait for a substantially large reserve to be discovered before considering gas export. [Badrul Imam and Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	''See also'' [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbon]]; [[Hydrocarbon Exploration\|hydrocarbon exploration]];[[Hydrocarbon Generation\|hydrocarbon generation]]; [[Hydrocarbon Reservoir\|hydrocarbon reservoir]].		''See also'' [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbon]]; [[Hydrocarbon Exploration\|hydrocarbon exploration]];[[Hydrocarbon Generation\|hydrocarbon generation]]; [[Hydrocarbon Reservoir\|hydrocarbon reservoir]].

Contributors

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:24:08 GMT

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	* Rahman, Murshida Binte Lecturer in History, Jagannath University		* Rahman, Murshida Binte Lecturer in History, Jagannath University

	* Rahman, Mushfiqur Country Manager, Asia Energy Corporation (BD) Pvt Limited		* Rahman, Md. Mushfiqur Country Manager, Asia Energy Corporation (BD) Pvt Limited

	* Rahman, Nayan General Secretary, Bangladesh Lekhika Sangha		* Rahman, Nayan General Secretary, Bangladesh Lekhika Sangha

Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:20:38 GMT

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	BPC with the help of its subsidiary companies has developed storage facilities at different points of the country for fuel oils to ensure timely supply and market regulation. BPC subsidiaries also use their marketing agents for product marketing at the local market. The major oil depots are located at Godnail, (Narayanganj), Daulatpur (Khulna), Fatullah (Narayanganj) and Baghabari (pabna). Medium-size depots are at Rangpur, Parbatipur (Dinajpur), Bhairab Bazar, Ashuganj, Srimangal, Dhaka, Chandpur, Barishal and [[Jhalokati District\|jhalokati]]. Small depots are at Chilahati ([[Kurigram District\|kurigram]]), Balasi ([[Gaibandha District\|gaibandha]]), Harian ([[Rajshahi District\|rajshahi]]), [[Natore District\|natore]], [[Sylhet District\|sylhet]], Brahmanbaria. BPC has developed a storage capacity of 206,000 tons at its central establishments and approximately 688,000 tons at the other depots of the country.		BPC with the help of its subsidiary companies has developed storage facilities at different points of the country for fuel oils to ensure timely supply and market regulation. BPC subsidiaries also use their marketing agents for product marketing at the local market. The major oil depots are located at Godnail, (Narayanganj), Daulatpur (Khulna), Fatullah (Narayanganj) and Baghabari (pabna). Medium-size depots are at Rangpur, Parbatipur (Dinajpur), Bhairab Bazar, Ashuganj, Srimangal, Dhaka, Chandpur, Barishal and [[Jhalokati District\|jhalokati]]. Small depots are at Chilahati ([[Kurigram District\|kurigram]]), Balasi ([[Gaibandha District\|gaibandha]]), Harian ([[Rajshahi District\|rajshahi]]), [[Natore District\|natore]], [[Sylhet District\|sylhet]], Brahmanbaria. BPC has developed a storage capacity of 206,000 tons at its central establishments and approximately 688,000 tons at the other depots of the country.

	Apart from importation, refining and distribution of fuel oils at the local market, the BPC has taken initiatives in the recent past to improve the quality of the fuel oils as well. BPC has also taken initiatives from July 1999 to import lead-free gasoline and diesel with reduced sulphur content from the international market for marketing in the country. [Mushfiqur Rahman]		Apart from importation, refining and distribution of fuel oils at the local market, the BPC has taken initiatives in the recent past to improve the quality of the fuel oils as well. BPC has also taken initiatives from July 1999 to import lead-free gasoline and diesel with reduced sulphur content from the international market for marketing in the country. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[Category:Research Institutes]]		[[Category:Research Institutes]]

Condensate

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:19:58 GMT

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	''Source'' www.petrobangla.org.bd.		''Source'' www.petrobangla.org.bd.

	The condensate produced from the gas fields is transported through pipelines to the processing plants and refined. Approximately 38,000 ton of condensate is supplied annually from different gas fields of the country to the [[Eastern Refinery Limited\|eastern refinery limited]] for producing refined petroleum products. The condensate produced from the gas fields are piped by a six-inch diameter and 175 km long pipeline from Kailashtila to Ashuganj and then transported to Eastern Refinery at Chittagong by barges.Condensate is processed in NGL fractionation plant to produce LPG, motor spirit and kerosene and are used in the local market. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]		The condensate produced from the gas fields is transported through pipelines to the processing plants and refined. Approximately 38,000 ton of condensate is supplied annually from different gas fields of the country to the [[Eastern Refinery Limited\|eastern refinery limited]] for producing refined petroleum products. The condensate produced from the gas fields are piped by a six-inch diameter and 175 km long pipeline from Kailashtila to Ashuganj and then transported to Eastern Refinery at Chittagong by barges.Condensate is processed in NGL fractionation plant to produce LPG, motor spirit and kerosene and are used in the local market. [Sanzida Murshed and Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[bn:কন্ডেনসেট]]		[[bn:কন্ডেনসেট]]

Coal Bed Methane

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:19:02 GMT

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	The Jamalganj coalfield in the Joypurhat district is one, for example, which may well be taken as a test case. The positive factors for Jamalganj CBM development include large coal reserves (1,053 million ton), thick coal seams (as much as 46m thick individual coal seams and up to 64m cumulative coal in seven coal seams), optimum depth of burial (640 to 1,150m below surface) and indication of significant gas content as reported by the observation of gas bubbling from mud during drilling.		The Jamalganj coalfield in the Joypurhat district is one, for example, which may well be taken as a test case. The positive factors for Jamalganj CBM development include large coal reserves (1,053 million ton), thick coal seams (as much as 46m thick individual coal seams and up to 64m cumulative coal in seven coal seams), optimum depth of burial (640 to 1,150m below surface) and indication of significant gas content as reported by the observation of gas bubbling from mud during drilling.

	International CBM prospectors have shown interest in the feasibility studies for CBM development in Jamalganj coalfield. In early 1990,s BHP_UTAH International inc. submitted a report' to the government and proposed for undertaking' exploration and developemet of CBM in Jamalganj coalfield.but there was no report of a positive negotiation between the company and the government. Up until now there has been no investigation carried out on the jamalganj coal aimed for CBM development.Thaere are a number of unknown factors that are to be determined such as true gas content, coal permeability and in-seam pressure before the coal is taken for CBM development. However such prospecting could bring about a new era of non-conventional natural gas exploitation in Bangladesh. [Badrul Imam]		International CBM prospectors have shown interest in the feasibility studies for CBM development in Jamalganj coalfield. In early 1990,s BHP_UTAH International inc. submitted a report' to the government and proposed for undertaking' exploration and developemet of CBM in Jamalganj coalfield.but there was no report of a positive negotiation between the company and the government. Up until now there has been no investigation carried out on the jamalganj coal aimed for CBM development.Thaere are a number of unknown factors that are to be determined such as true gas content, coal permeability and in-seam pressure before the coal is taken for CBM development. However such prospecting could bring about a new era of non-conventional natural gas exploitation in Bangladesh. [Badrul Imam and Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[bn:কয়লাস্তর মিথেন]]		[[bn:কয়লাস্তর মিথেন]]

	[[Category:natural sciences]]		[[Category:natural sciences]]

Condensate

Mukbil — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:17:36 GMT

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	''Source'' www.petrobangla.org.bd.		''Source'' www.petrobangla.org.bd.

	The condensate produced from the gas fields is transported through pipelines to the processing plants and refined. Approximately 38,000 ton of condensate is supplied annually from different gas fields of the country to the [[Eastern Refinery Limited\|eastern refinery limited]] for producing refined petroleum products. The condensate produced from the gas fields are piped by a six-inch diameter and 175 km long pipeline from Kailashtila to Ashuganj and then transported to Eastern Refinery at Chittagong by barges.Condensate is processed in NGL fractionation plant to produce LPG, motor spirit and kerosene and are used in the local market. [Mushfiqur Rahman]		The condensate produced from the gas fields is transported through pipelines to the processing plants and refined. Approximately 38,000 ton of condensate is supplied annually from different gas fields of the country to the [[Eastern Refinery Limited\|eastern refinery limited]] for producing refined petroleum products. The condensate produced from the gas fields are piped by a six-inch diameter and 175 km long pipeline from Kailashtila to Ashuganj and then transported to Eastern Refinery at Chittagong by barges.Condensate is processed in NGL fractionation plant to produce LPG, motor spirit and kerosene and are used in the local market. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	[[bn:কন্ডেনসেট]]		[[bn:কন্ডেনসেট]]

Mineral Resources

Mukbil — Tue, 14 Jul 2026 09:19:03 GMT

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	Large numbers of explosives are being used in both Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mines for roadway headings and underground development works initiating significant vibration in the mine and to the adjacent areas. 2,670 kg of explosives are planned to be used at Maddhyapara Hardrock Mine to secure production of 5,500 ton/day. Regular blasting operations in the mine may cause damage to old structures on the surface close to mining area. In addition to the noise and vibration caused by explosives and blasting operations in the mines, movements of heavy vehicles, bulldozers, dump trucks and other machinery will pose constant noise problems in the mine areas.		Large numbers of explosives are being used in both Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mines for roadway headings and underground development works initiating significant vibration in the mine and to the adjacent areas. 2,670 kg of explosives are planned to be used at Maddhyapara Hardrock Mine to secure production of 5,500 ton/day. Regular blasting operations in the mine may cause damage to old structures on the surface close to mining area. In addition to the noise and vibration caused by explosives and blasting operations in the mines, movements of heavy vehicles, bulldozers, dump trucks and other machinery will pose constant noise problems in the mine areas.

	Both Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mines require to conduct Environmental Impact Studies as the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 stipulates that all mining projects belong to 'Red Category' industries. Therefore, both the mining authorities need to prepare Environmental Impact Study Report, Environmental Management Plan, Plan for Waste Disposal along with other documents for obtaining environmental clearance from the Department of Environment of the government of Bangladesh. At the same time the mining authority needs to establish regular control for water, air, soil quality for the areas. [Mushfiqur Rahman]		Both Barapukuria and Maddhyapara mines require to conduct Environmental Impact Studies as the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 stipulates that all mining projects belong to 'Red Category' industries. Therefore, both the mining authorities need to prepare Environmental Impact Study Report, Environmental Management Plan, Plan for Waste Disposal along with other documents for obtaining environmental clearance from the Department of Environment of the government of Bangladesh. At the same time the mining authority needs to establish regular control for water, air, soil quality for the areas. [Md. Mushfiqur Rahman]

	''See also'' [[Beach Sand Heavy Mineral\|beach sand heavy mineral]];[[Coal\| coal]];[[Gas, Natural\| gas, natural]];[[Hardrock\| hardrock]];[[Hydrocarbon Exploration\| hydrocarbon exploration]].		''See also'' [[Beach Sand Heavy Mineral\|beach sand heavy mineral]];[[Coal\| coal]];[[Gas, Natural\| gas, natural]];[[Hardrock\| hardrock]];[[Hydrocarbon Exploration\| hydrocarbon exploration]].

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	Shola dolls are made in the [[Faridpur District\|faridpur]] and [[Rajshahi District\|rajshahi]] regions, and at Shankhari Bazar in [[Dhaka\|dhaka]]. The craftsmen cut shola into pieces and make different types of dolls by pasting the cut strips together. Normally, such dolls are sold at village fairs.		Shola dolls are made in the [[Faridpur District\|faridpur]] and [[Rajshahi District\|rajshahi]] regions, and at Shankhari Bazar in [[Dhaka\|dhaka]]. The craftsmen cut shola into pieces and make different types of dolls by pasting the cut strips together. Normally, such dolls are sold at village fairs.

	~~[[Image:PutulNach1.jpg\|thumbnail\|300px\|right\|Puppet-show]]~~
	The cloth dolls of today differ from the rag dolls of the past. These are sophisticated dolls, mainly influenced by the Japanese doll, and are made as decoration pieces rather than as children’s playthings. BSCIC offers training in doll making. Authentic in features and costumes, these dolls display the rich variety of Bangladeshi costumes and occupations. Common dolls of this type include brides and bridegrooms, gypsies, [[Manipuri, The\|manipuri]] dancers, etc.		The cloth dolls of today differ from the rag dolls of the past. These are sophisticated dolls, mainly influenced by the Japanese doll, and are made as decoration pieces rather than as children’s playthings. BSCIC offers training in doll making. Authentic in features and costumes, these dolls display the rich variety of Bangladeshi costumes and occupations. Common dolls of this type include brides and bridegrooms, gypsies, [[Manipuri, The\|manipuri]] dancers, etc.