Apabhrangsha - Revision history

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2021-09-03T06:30:05Z

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	'''Apabhrangsha'''~~''' '''~~last stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language Pali-Prakrit.~~'' ''~~The term is supposedly derived from ''apashabda ''or ''apabhrast''';. The first mention of Apabhrangsha~~'' ''~~is found in Patanjali';s ''Mahabhasya ''(2nd century BC). Patanjali used the term to mean words derived from [[sanskrit]] but not accepted in polite vocabulary. [[prakrit]]~~'' ''~~grammarians like ''Purusottam'' (12th century) mentioned Apabhrangsha. However, they referred to it as a separate language~~'' ''~~rather than the final stage of Prakrit.		'''Apabhrangsha''' last stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language Pali-Prakrit. The term is supposedly derived from ''apashabda'' or ''apabhrast''. The first mention of Apabhrangsha is found in Patanjali's ''Mahabhasya'' (2nd century BC). Patanjali used the term to mean words derived from [[sanskrit]] but not accepted in polite vocabulary. [[prakrit]] grammarians like ''Purusottam'' (12th century) mentioned Apabhrangsha. However, they referred to it as a separate language rather than the final stage of Prakrit.

	The view now current about Apabhrangsha is that it is the final stage of all Prakrit~~'' ''~~languages and that different Indo-Aryan languages evolved out of it. According to this view, Magadhi ~~Pr''a''krit~~ of eastern India gave birth to Purvi Apabhrangsha and this in turn spawned three Bihari languages Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili-and three Gaudiya languages- Bangla, Assamese and Oriya. Western Shauraseni Apabhrangsha gave birth to Hindi. Apabhrangsha was current roughly from 1st century BC to 17th century AD, mostly among the lower classes.		The view now current about Apabhrangsha is that it is the final stage of all Prakrit languages and that different Indo-Aryan languages evolved out of it. According to this view, Magadhi Prakrit of eastern India gave birth to Purvi Apabhrangsha and this in turn spawned three Bihari languages Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili-and three Gaudiya languages- Bangla, Assamese and Oriya. Western Shauraseni Apabhrangsha gave birth to Hindi. Apabhrangsha was current roughly from 1st century BC to 17th century AD, mostly among the lower classes.

	The first evidence of the use of Apabhrangsha in a literary work is found in ''Natyashastra ''by Bharat (2nd/3rd century), which quotes several ''shlokas'' composed in Apabhrangsha. Further examples are to be found in Shvetamvar Jainas'; ''Agamagrantha'',~~'' ''~~later Buddhist writings such as ''Lankavatar'','' ~~Lalitavist''''a''''r~~'','' Mahavastu ''etc,~~'' ''~~and in Bimalasuri';s work ''Paumachariyam'' (3rd century) written~~'' ''~~in Maharashtri Prakrit.~~'' ''~~The songs of the fourth act of [[kalidasa]]'; play ''Vikramorvashiyam ''(1st century/4th century AD) are also composed in Apabhrangxha.		The first evidence of the use of Apabhrangsha in a literary work is found in ''Natyashastra'' by Bharat (2nd/3rd century), which quotes several ''shlokas'' composed in Apabhrangsha. Further examples are to be found in Shvetamvar Jainas' ''Agamagrantha'', later Buddhist writings such as ''Lankavatar'', ''Lalitavistar'', ''Mahavastu'' etc, and in Bimalasuri's work ''Paumachariyam'' (3rd century) written in Maharashtri Prakrit. The songs of the fourth act of [[kalidasa]]' play ''Vikramorvashiyam'' (1st century/4th century AD) are also composed in Apabhrangxha.

	Literature written in Apabhrangsha was regarded with a great deal of respect by rhetoricians such as Bhamaha (7th century) and Dandi (8th century), who divided poetry into three main linguistic genres: Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apabhrangsha. They expressed the view that verses composed in Apabhrangsha were not inferior to those in Sanskrit or Prakrit. Later, Purusottam termed Apabhrangsha as a language of the elite.		Literature written in Apabhrangsha was regarded with a great deal of respect by rhetoricians such as Bhamaha (7th century) and Dandi (8th century), who divided poetry into three main linguistic genres: Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apabhrangsha. They expressed the view that verses composed in Apabhrangsha were not inferior to those in Sanskrit or Prakrit. Later, Purusottam termed Apabhrangsha as a language of the elite.

	Most books in Apabhrangsha were works by Jains, who wrote various versified biographies, ethics, dialectics as well as Jain philosophy in this language. The most ancient biographical text, as well as the most ancient text in Apabhrangsha, is Svayambhudev';s ''Paumachariu'' (7th/8th century), which describes the life of [[ramachandra]]~~''' '''~~in 56 ''sandhis'' (cantos) and 12,000 slokas. Some other important versified biographies are Dhahil';s (or Dahil';s) ''Paumasirichariu ''(10th century), Puspadanta';s ''Mahapurana'','' Jasaharachariu ''and ''Nayakumarachariu'', (10th century),~~'' ''~~Haribhadra';s ''Neminahachariu ''(12th century) and Padmakirti';s ''Parshvapurana ''(14th century). Another significant text in Apabhrangsha is Dhavalakavi';s ''~~Harivang''''x''''hapurana~~'',~~'' ''~~based on the ''[[mahabharata]]'' story of ~~[[krishna]]~~-Balaram and Kuru-Pandava.		Most books in Apabhrangsha were works by Jains, who wrote various versified biographies, ethics, dialectics as well as Jain philosophy in this language. The most ancient biographical text, as well as the most ancient text in Apabhrangsha, is Svayambhudev's ''Paumachariu'' (7th/8th century), which describes the life of [[ramachandra]] in 56 ''sandhis'' (cantos) and 12,000 slokas. Some other important versified biographies are Dhahil's (or Dahil's) ''Paumasirichariu'' (10th century), Puspadanta's ''Mahapurana'', ''Jasaharachariu'' and ''Nayakumarachariu'', (10th century), Haribhadra's ''Neminahachariu'' (12th century) and Padmakirti's ''Parshvapurana'' (14th century). Another significant text in Apabhrangsha is Dhavalakavi's ''Harivangxhapurana'', based on the ''[[mahabharata]]'' story of Krishna-Balaram and Kuru-Pandava.

	A number of poetic works based on different legends were written in Apabhrangsha, including ''Bhavissayattakaha ''by Dhanapal (10th century) and ''Sudarshanacharita'' by Nayanandi (11th century). Singhasen wrote ''Mehesarachariu ''(15th century) in his own name, as well as ''Dahalakthana-~~Jayam''''a''''l''''a''''~~ ''and ''Jivanadharacharita'' under the name of 'Raidhu';.~~'' ''~~Several~~'' ''~~books based on ''Jivanadharacharita'' were written later. ''Karakandachariu ''composed by Kanakamar Muni (17th century) is a biography of the Jain sage Karakanda, who was revered by both the Jain and Buddhist communities. ''~~Kathako''''s''''~~ ''by xhrichandra (10th or 12th century) is a collection of 53 stories.		A number of poetic works based on different legends were written in Apabhrangsha, including ''Bhavissayattakaha'' by Dhanapal (10th century) and ''Sudarshanacharita'' by Nayanandi (11th century). Singhasen wrote ''Mehesarachariu ''(15th century) in his own name, as well as ''Dahalakthana-Jayamala'' and ''Jivanadharacharita'' under the name of 'Raidhu'. Several books based on ''Jivanadharacharita'' were written later. ''Karakandachariu'' composed by Kanakamar Muni (17th century) is a biography of the Jain sage Karakanda, who was revered by both the Jain and Buddhist communities. ''Kathakos'' by xhrichandra (10th or 12th century) is a collection of 53 stories.

	Jain writers showed considerable ability in composing works on ethics. Jinaduttasuri (1075-1154 AD), a contemporary of Hemchandra and a disciple of Jinavallabh Suri, became famous by composing three treatises on ethics. His ''Chachchari'',~~'' ''~~in praise of Acharya Jinavallabh Suri, is a short lyrical poem. His two other ethical works are ''~~Upade''''x''''harasayanarasa~~ ''and ''Kalasvarupakulaka''.~~'' ''~~Suprabhacharya';s ''Vairagyasara ''(1771 AD) is also an important ethical work in verse.		Jain writers showed considerable ability in composing works on ethics. Jinaduttasuri (1075-1154 AD), a contemporary of Hemchandra and a disciple of Jinavallabh Suri, became famous by composing three treatises on ethics. His ''Chachchari'', in praise of Acharya Jinavallabh Suri, is a short lyrical poem. His two other ethical works are ''Upadexharasayanarasa'' and ''Kalasvarupakulaka''. Suprabhacharya's ''Vairagyasara'' (1771 AD) is also an important ethical work in verse.

	The Jain scholar Joindu was an erudite philosopher who is credited with over a hundred books. There is some confusion about his dates, which vary from the 7th to the 10th century. Joindu';s ''Paramatmaprakasha'','' Yogasara'','' Shravakacharadohaka ''and ''Dohapahuda ''are important philosophical texts. Some other significant works of philosophy are Devsen';s ''Savayadhammadoha ''(9th century), Rajsingha';s ''Pahudadoha ''(10th century) and Abhaydev Suri';s ''Jayatihuyanastotra''.		The Jain scholar Joindu was an erudite philosopher who is credited with over a hundred books. There is some confusion about his dates, which vary from the 7th to the 10th century. Joindu's ''Paramatmaprakasha'', ''Yogasara'', ''Shravakacharadohaka'' and ''Dohapahuda'' are important philosophical texts. Some other significant works of philosophy are Devsen's ''Savayadhammadoha'' (9th century), Rajsingha's ''Pahudadoha'' (10th century) and Abhaydev Suri's ''Jayatihuyanastotra''.

	Jains used ''Pashchimi ''and ''Daksini Apabhrangsha ''in their literary work.~~'' ''~~Bangali Buddhists, such as [[kahnapa]] (7th century) and Sarhapa (10th century) mainly used Purvi Apabhrangsha. The ''dohas ''or devotional verses of Kahnapa and Sarhapa are in the nature of sermons, but have considerable poetic merit. ''Dakarnavatantra'',~~'' ''~~another book in this genre, introduces rhyme in verse, giving rise to the growth of poetic metres in local languages. ''Prakritapaingala'' by Pingalacharya (c 14th century) and ''Kirtilata'' by [[vidyapati]] (15th century) are two other fine books composed in Purvi Apabhrangsha.'' Prakritapaingala ''discusses both ''matra ''and ''varna ''metres with examples, among them, ''gaha'','' viggaha'','' uggaha'','' doha'','' rola'','' chhappaa'','' kavvalakkhana ''and ''doai ''in ''matra ''metre and ''panchal'','' mandar'','' malati'','' mallika'','' rupamala'','' totak'','' chasar ''and ''chachchari ''in ''varna ''metre. The slokas cited by Pingal as examples are of considerable literary value. [Shashwati Halder~~] [Halder, Shashwati Researcher, Canada~~]		Jains used ''Pashchimi'' and ''Daksini Apabhrangsha'' in their literary work. Bangali Buddhists, such as [[kahnapa]] (7th century) and Sarhapa (10th century) mainly used Purvi Apabhrangsha. The ''dohas'' or devotional verses of Kahnapa and Sarhapa are in the nature of sermons, but have considerable poetic merit. ''Dakarnavatantra'', another book in this genre, introduces rhyme in verse, giving rise to the growth of poetic metres in local languages. ''Prakritapaingala'' by Pingalacharya (c 14th century) and ''Kirtilata'' by [[vidyapati]] (15th century) are two other fine books composed in Purvi Apabhrangsha. ''Prakritapaingala'' discusses both ''matra'' and ''varna'' metres with examples, among them, ''gaha'', ''viggaha'', ''uggaha'', ''doha'', ''rola'', ''chhappaa'', ''kavvalakkhana'' and ''doai'' in ''matra'' metre and ''panchal'', ''mandar'', ''malati'', ''mallika'', ''rupamala'', ''totak'', ''chasar'' and ''chachchari''in ''varna'' metre. The slokas cited by Pingal as examples are of considerable literary value. [Shashwati Halder]

	[[bn:অপভ্রংশ]]		[[bn:অপভ্রংশ]]

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2021-06-17T18:57:01Z

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'''Apabhrangsha'''''' '''last stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language Pali-Prakrit.'' ''The term is supposedly derived from ''apashabda ''or ''apabhrast''';. The first mention of Apabhrangsha'' ''is found in Patanjali';s ''Mahabhasya ''(2nd century BC). Patanjali used the term to mean words derived from [[sanskrit]] but not accepted in polite vocabulary. [[prakrit]]'' ''grammarians like ''Purusottam'' (12th century) mentioned Apabhrangsha. However, they referred to it as a separate language'' ''rather than the final stage of Prakrit.

The view now current about Apabhrangsha is that it is the final stage of all Prakrit'' ''languages and that different Indo-Aryan languages evolved out of it. According to this view, Magadhi Pr''a''krit of eastern India gave birth to Purvi Apabhrangsha and this in turn spawned three Bihari languages Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili-and three Gaudiya languages- Bangla, Assamese and Oriya. Western Shauraseni Apabhrangsha gave birth to Hindi. Apabhrangsha was current roughly from 1st century BC to 17th century AD, mostly among the lower classes.

The first evidence of the use of Apabhrangsha in a literary work is found in ''Natyashastra ''by Bharat (2nd/3rd century), which quotes several ''shlokas'' composed in Apabhrangsha. Further examples are to be found in Shvetamvar Jainas'; ''Agamagrantha'','' ''later Buddhist writings such as ''Lankavatar'','' Lalitavist''''a''''r'','' Mahavastu ''etc,'' ''and in Bimalasuri';s work ''Paumachariyam'' (3rd century) written'' ''in Maharashtri Prakrit.'' ''The songs of the fourth act of [[kalidasa]]'; play ''Vikramorvashiyam ''(1st century/4th century AD) are also composed in Apabhrangxha.

Literature written in Apabhrangsha was regarded with a great deal of respect by rhetoricians such as Bhamaha (7th century) and Dandi (8th century), who divided poetry into three main linguistic genres: Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apabhrangsha. They expressed the view that verses composed in Apabhrangsha were not inferior to those in Sanskrit or Prakrit. Later, Purusottam termed Apabhrangsha as a language of the elite.

Most books in Apabhrangsha were works by Jains, who wrote various versified biographies, ethics, dialectics as well as Jain philosophy in this language. The most ancient biographical text, as well as the most ancient text in Apabhrangsha, is Svayambhudev';s ''Paumachariu'' (7th/8th century), which describes the life of [[ramachandra]]''' '''in 56 ''sandhis'' (cantos) and 12,000 slokas. Some other important versified biographies are Dhahil';s (or Dahil';s) ''Paumasirichariu ''(10th century), Puspadanta';s ''Mahapurana'','' Jasaharachariu ''and ''Nayakumarachariu'', (10th century),'' ''Haribhadra';s ''Neminahachariu ''(12th century) and Padmakirti';s ''Parshvapurana ''(14th century). Another significant text in Apabhrangsha is Dhavalakavi';s ''Harivang''''x''''hapurana'','' ''based on the ''[[mahabharata]]'' story of [[krishna]]-Balaram and Kuru-Pandava.

A number of poetic works based on different legends were written in Apabhrangsha, including ''Bhavissayattakaha ''by Dhanapal (10th century) and ''Sudarshanacharita'' by Nayanandi (11th century). Singhasen wrote ''Mehesarachariu ''(15th century) in his own name, as well as ''Dahalakthana-Jayam''''a''''l''''a'''' ''and ''Jivanadharacharita'' under the name of 'Raidhu';.'' ''Several'' ''books based on ''Jivanadharacharita'' were written later. ''Karakandachariu ''composed by Kanakamar Muni (17th century) is a biography of the Jain sage Karakanda, who was revered by both the Jain and Buddhist communities. ''Kathako''''s'''' ''by xhrichandra (10th or 12th century) is a collection of 53 stories.

Jain writers showed considerable ability in composing works on ethics. Jinaduttasuri (1075-1154 AD), a contemporary of Hemchandra and a disciple of Jinavallabh Suri, became famous by composing three treatises on ethics. His ''Chachchari'','' ''in praise of Acharya Jinavallabh Suri, is a short lyrical poem. His two other ethical works are ''Upade''''x''''harasayanarasa ''and ''Kalasvarupakulaka''.'' ''Suprabhacharya';s ''Vairagyasara ''(1771 AD) is also an important ethical work in verse.

The Jain scholar Joindu was an erudite philosopher who is credited with over a hundred books. There is some confusion about his dates, which vary from the 7th to the 10th century. Joindu';s ''Paramatmaprakasha'','' Yogasara'','' Shravakacharadohaka ''and ''Dohapahuda ''are important philosophical texts. Some other significant works of philosophy are Devsen';s ''Savayadhammadoha ''(9th century), Rajsingha';s ''Pahudadoha ''(10th century) and Abhaydev Suri';s ''Jayatihuyanastotra''.

Jains used ''Pashchimi ''and ''Daksini Apabhrangsha ''in their literary work.'' ''Bangali Buddhists, such as [[kahnapa]] (7th century) and Sarhapa (10th century) mainly used Purvi Apabhrangsha. The ''dohas ''or devotional verses of Kahnapa and Sarhapa are in the nature of sermons, but have considerable poetic merit. ''Dakarnavatantra'','' ''another book in this genre, introduces rhyme in verse, giving rise to the growth of poetic metres in local languages. ''Prakritapaingala'' by Pingalacharya (c 14th century) and ''Kirtilata'' by [[vidyapati]] (15th century) are two other fine books composed in Purvi Apabhrangsha.'' Prakritapaingala ''discusses both ''matra ''and ''varna ''metres with examples, among them, ''gaha'','' viggaha'','' uggaha'','' doha'','' rola'','' chhappaa'','' kavvalakkhana ''and ''doai ''in ''matra ''metre and ''panchal'','' mandar'','' malati'','' mallika'','' rupamala'','' totak'','' chasar ''and ''chachchari ''in ''varna ''metre. The slokas cited by Pingal as examples are of considerable literary value. [Shashwati Halder] [Halder, Shashwati Researcher, Canada]

[[bn:অপভ্রংশ]]