Flora - Revision history

Mukbil at 09:38, 4 December 2024

2024-12-04T09:38:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:38, 4 December 2024
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	The rich heritage of IK associated with herbal medicine is considered as the root of all systems of traditional remedies in Bangladesh. During the course of development in the remote past, a particular remedy discovered became widespread, and subsequently tested, refined, revised, improved upon, and gradually incorporated in the traditional codified system among the practitioners. A vast number of the folk remedies, however, remained endemic to the societies of various ecological regions as their IK and often survived the ravages of time, and were transmitted only through words of mouth. But with the onset of modern medicine, and with people moving away from their indigenous plants, many such IK based remedies have been fast eroding. [M Iqbal Zuberi]		The rich heritage of IK associated with herbal medicine is considered as the root of all systems of traditional remedies in Bangladesh. During the course of development in the remote past, a particular remedy discovered became widespread, and subsequently tested, refined, revised, improved upon, and gradually incorporated in the traditional codified system among the practitioners. A vast number of the folk remedies, however, remained endemic to the societies of various ecological regions as their IK and often survived the ravages of time, and were transmitted only through words of mouth. But with the onset of modern medicine, and with people moving away from their indigenous plants, many such IK based remedies have been fast eroding. [M Iqbal Zuberi]

			'''''Botany education and research''''' Botany is the branch of biological science that deals with the scientific study of all aspects of plants- individual life of plants, their complex interactions between themselves, and their interactions with the environment. Bangladesh is an agrarian country with a long history of agriculture. Today, despite the drastic decrease in per capita land due to extremely high population density, agriculture as still the sector that provides work for the bulk of the population. As the discipline of science most closely tied with agriculture, Botany has attracted the attention of biologists and agricultural scientists for a long time and was readily established as an important academic discipline in the regions of the Indian subcontinent that today comprises Bangladesh.

			Teaching of Botany as a distinct subject formally starts in Bangladesh after the higher secondary level education, that is, at the bachelor's degree level it is taught as a two-year course for the BSc Pass degree and a three to four year course for BSc Honours degree. The latter programme is offered at the country's four state-run general universities The BSc Pass degree programme in Botany s offered by most of the country's 1300 or so degree colleges managed by the [[National University\|national university]], whose primary function is to conduct examinations in these colleges At the BSc Honours and MSc level the subject is also taught us about two dozen state-run degree colleges included among these 1300 colleges. The country’s agricultural universities also offer courses in Botany.

			The country's four state-run general universities have had full-fledged Botany Departments for a long time now. The [[University of Dhaka\|university of dhaka]] formally started teaching Botany as part of the Department of Biology that was established in 1939 The Department of Biology was headed by the celebrated botanist Panchanan Maheswari. In 1954 the Biology Department was separated into two departments- Department of Botany and Department of Zoology In the years to follow botany departments were opened at the [[University of Rajshahi\|university of rajshahi]] in 1963, at [[Chittagong University\|chittagong university]] in 1973 and relatively recently at Jahangirnagar University in 1986. These departments offer BSc Honours, MSc, MPhil and PhD degrees in various areas of botany.

			Botanical research in the past was largely restricted to these university departments. Subsequently, many Research and Development organisations were created by the government in the agriculture sector where botanical research constitutes the prime focus because these institutes are dedicated to research on specific agricultural crops. The important ones among these Research and Development organisations that have made significant contributions to country's agricultural productivity are: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Bangladesh Tea Research Institute, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Bangladesh National Herbarium, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute, Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute and the botany divisions of the Dhaka, Chittagong and Rajshahi Laboratories of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

			The number of botanists involved in university level teaching in the country is approximately 200. Botanists involved with college teaching at the BSc Pass level is much higher, to the tune of a couple of thousand. Every year the four general universities produce about 250 students with the MSc degree in Botany. [Zia Uddin Ahmed]

Mukbil at 07:22, 3 December 2024

2024-12-03T07:22:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:22, 3 December 2024
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	William Griffith (1810-1845), an assistant surgeon commenced his collecting trip on boat from Calcutta and arrived at Pabna on the 9th September 1835, from where he passed through rivers and vast jheels and arrived in Sirajganj. From here he proceeded towards Jamalpur, and then down the [[Brahmaputra River\|brahmaputra]] to Mymensingh. Arriving at Habiganj, he entered the [[Surma River\|surma]] and reached Chhattak from where he left for Cheerapunji. During his boat journey, he recorded the marsh and aquatic vegetation of the jheels. He repeated the riverine cruise in 1838, this time arriving at Faridpur, Dhaka, Narayanganj and Laksmipur. He made his journey through Surma up to Terryaghat towards Assam. During his botanical career of twelve and half years he spent a large part of his time in exploring, collecting, studying, and drawing floral specimens.		William Griffith (1810-1845), an assistant surgeon commenced his collecting trip on boat from Calcutta and arrived at Pabna on the 9th September 1835, from where he passed through rivers and vast jheels and arrived in Sirajganj. From here he proceeded towards Jamalpur, and then down the [[Brahmaputra River\|brahmaputra]] to Mymensingh. Arriving at Habiganj, he entered the [[Surma River\|surma]] and reached Chhattak from where he left for Cheerapunji. During his boat journey, he recorded the marsh and aquatic vegetation of the jheels. He repeated the riverine cruise in 1838, this time arriving at Faridpur, Dhaka, Narayanganj and Laksmipur. He made his journey through Surma up to Terryaghat towards Assam. During his botanical career of twelve and half years he spent a large part of his time in exploring, collecting, studying, and drawing floral specimens.

	Having qualified in medicine from Aberdeen and Edinburgh in 1883, David Prain was stationed mainly at the East India Company's factory at Laksmipur on the east coast of river Meghna. He is the author of ''Bengal Plants'' (1903) and ''Flora of Sundribuns'' (1903).		Having qualified in medicine from Aberdeen and Edinburgh in 1883, David Prain was stationed mainly at the East India Company's factory at Laksmipur on the east coast of river Meghna. He is the author of ''Bengal Plants'' (1903) and ''Flora of Sundribuns'' (1903). [Md. Salar Khan]

	'''''Plant diversity''''' The Bengal province, according to Hooker (1854) contained only two phytogeographical regions, ie (i) the Gangetic plain, and (ii) the littoral-forests of the Sundarbans. It has been estimated that there are about five thousand angiosperm (flowering plants) species in Bangladesh.		'''''Plant diversity''''' The Bengal province, according to Hooker (1854) contained only two phytogeographical regions, ie (i) the Gangetic plain, and (ii) the littoral-forests of the Sundarbans. It has been estimated that there are about five thousand angiosperm (flowering plants) species in Bangladesh.
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	The rich heritage of IK associated with herbal medicine is considered as the root of all systems of traditional remedies in Bangladesh. During the course of development in the remote past, a particular remedy discovered became widespread, and subsequently tested, refined, revised, improved upon, and gradually incorporated in the traditional codified system among the practitioners. A vast number of the folk remedies, however, remained endemic to the societies of various ecological regions as their IK and often survived the ravages of time, and were transmitted only through words of mouth. But with the onset of modern medicine, and with people moving away from their indigenous plants, many such IK based remedies have been fast eroding. [M Iqbal Zuberi]		The rich heritage of IK associated with herbal medicine is considered as the root of all systems of traditional remedies in Bangladesh. During the course of development in the remote past, a particular remedy discovered became widespread, and subsequently tested, refined, revised, improved upon, and gradually incorporated in the traditional codified system among the practitioners. A vast number of the folk remedies, however, remained endemic to the societies of various ecological regions as their IK and often survived the ravages of time, and were transmitted only through words of mouth. But with the onset of modern medicine, and with people moving away from their indigenous plants, many such IK based remedies have been fast eroding. [M Iqbal Zuberi]


	[[Category:Flora]]		[[Category:Flora]]

	[[bn:উদ্ভিদকুল]]		[[bn:উদ্ভিদকুল]]

Mukbil at 15:54, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:54:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:54, 25 August 2021
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	The forests of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts are known to be evergreen and semievergreen types with a preponderance of deciduous species. Once famous for their storyed nature, species richness and diversity, the forest resources are now depleting at an alarming rate, owing to illegal felling, cutting, shifting cultivation and other anthropogenic activities. Topmost storey consists of Garjan (''Dipterocarpus'' species.), Telsur (''Hopea odorata''), Chapalish (''Artocarpus chaplasha''), Chundul (''Tetrameles nudiflora'') and various species of ''Albizia'' (Koroi). Lower storey includes species of ''Lagerstroemia'' (Jarul), ''Toona'' (Toon), ''Syzygium'' (Jam), ''Elaeocarpus'' (Jalpai) and ''Glochidion''. Lianas, epiphytes (mostly of orchids, asclepiads, ferns and leafy mosses) and harbaceous undergrowths are abundant. Kassalong Reserve is noteworthy for bamboo brakes in large areas, mainly occupied by ''Meloccana baccifera'' (Muli), ''Bambusa tulda'' (Mirtinga) and ''Dendrocalanus longispathus'' (Orah). Savannah formations can be met within open places, along the banks of rivers and swamps with common tall grasses like ''Saccharum spontaneum'' (Kans), ''Imperata cylindrica'' (Shon) and ''Vetiveria zizanoides'' (Bena).		The forests of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts are known to be evergreen and semievergreen types with a preponderance of deciduous species. Once famous for their storyed nature, species richness and diversity, the forest resources are now depleting at an alarming rate, owing to illegal felling, cutting, shifting cultivation and other anthropogenic activities. Topmost storey consists of Garjan (''Dipterocarpus'' species.), Telsur (''Hopea odorata''), Chapalish (''Artocarpus chaplasha''), Chundul (''Tetrameles nudiflora'') and various species of ''Albizia'' (Koroi). Lower storey includes species of ''Lagerstroemia'' (Jarul), ''Toona'' (Toon), ''Syzygium'' (Jam), ''Elaeocarpus'' (Jalpai) and ''Glochidion''. Lianas, epiphytes (mostly of orchids, asclepiads, ferns and leafy mosses) and harbaceous undergrowths are abundant. Kassalong Reserve is noteworthy for bamboo brakes in large areas, mainly occupied by ''Meloccana baccifera'' (Muli), ''Bambusa tulda'' (Mirtinga) and ''Dendrocalanus longispathus'' (Orah). Savannah formations can be met within open places, along the banks of rivers and swamps with common tall grasses like ''Saccharum spontaneum'' (Kans), ''Imperata cylindrica'' (Shon) and ''Vetiveria zizanoides'' (Bena).

	''Marine plant diversity'' Marine algae resources, particularly in the Bay of Bengal estuaries and [[St ~~Martin’s~~ Island\|st martin's island]], are quite rich and diverse, but these are being indiscriminately extracted and over-exploited, causing serious depletion of these resources.		''Marine plant diversity'' Marine algae resources, particularly in the Bay of Bengal estuaries and [[St Martin's Island\|st martin's island]], are quite rich and diverse, but these are being indiscriminately extracted and over-exploited, causing serious depletion of these resources.

	''Agricultural crop diversity'' Bangladesh is predominantly agrarian and is rich in germplasm resources of some of the world's most important crops such as [[rice]], [[jute]], [[sugarcane]], [[tea]], [[potato]], amaranth, [[banana]], [[brinjal]], [[chilli]], [[cotton]], [[bean]], lime, [[litchi]], taro, yam, [[bamboo]], [[rattan]], etc. The degree of genetic erosion, as a consequence of adoption of modern varieties (and of monoculture practices) and degradation of cultivable lands, has not yet been properly documented. Agroecotypes and their adaptability, land races and their characteristics through 'gene hunting` necessary for all these crop species have not been evaluated. The best known crop is rice, which is estimated to have about 10,000 different cultivars. On the other hand, the wild genetic resources, especially the wild relatives of the existing crop species of Bangladesh are not adequately known. [ABM Enayet Hossain]		''Agricultural crop diversity'' Bangladesh is predominantly agrarian and is rich in germplasm resources of some of the world's most important crops such as [[rice]], [[jute]], [[sugarcane]], [[tea]], [[potato]], amaranth, [[banana]], [[brinjal]], [[chilli]], [[cotton]], [[bean]], lime, [[litchi]], taro, yam, [[bamboo]], [[rattan]], etc. The degree of genetic erosion, as a consequence of adoption of modern varieties (and of monoculture practices) and degradation of cultivable lands, has not yet been properly documented. Agroecotypes and their adaptability, land races and their characteristics through 'gene hunting` necessary for all these crop species have not been evaluated. The best known crop is rice, which is estimated to have about 10,000 different cultivars. On the other hand, the wild genetic resources, especially the wild relatives of the existing crop species of Bangladesh are not adequately known. [ABM Enayet Hossain]

Mukbil at 15:53, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:53:56Z

Show changes

Mukbil at 15:48, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:48:43Z

Mukbil at 15:46, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:46:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 25 August 2021
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	'''''Medicinal plants''''' The total number of plants with medicinal properties in the subcontinent at present stands at about 2000. About 450 to 500 of such medicinal plants have so far been enlisted as growing or available in Bangladesh.		'''''Medicinal plants''''' The total number of plants with medicinal properties in the subcontinent at present stands at about 2000. About 450 to 500 of such medicinal plants have so far been enlisted as growing or available in Bangladesh.

	{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"		{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="9" \|Some common medicinal plants of Bangladesh.		! colspan="9" \|Some common medicinal plants of Bangladesh.
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']] \|\| [[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']]		\| [[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']] \|\| [[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']] [[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']] \|\| [[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]
	\|-		\|}
	\| [[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']] \|\| [[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]
	}

	{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"		{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"

Mukbil at 15:44, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:44:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 25 August 2021
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	! colspan="9" \|Some common medicinal plants of Bangladesh.		! colspan="9" \|Some common medicinal plants of Bangladesh.
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']]		\| [[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']] \|\| [[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']]
	\|-		\|-
	~~\| [[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']]~~		\| [[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']] \|\| [[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]
	\|-
	\| [[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']]
	\|-
	\| [[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]
	}		}

Mukbil at 15:43, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:43:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 25 August 2021
Line 62:		Line 62:

	'''''Medicinal plants''''' The total number of plants with medicinal properties in the subcontinent at present stands at about 2000. About 450 to 500 of such medicinal plants have so far been enlisted as growing or available in Bangladesh.		'''''Medicinal plants''''' The total number of plants with medicinal properties in the subcontinent at present stands at about 2000. About 450 to 500 of such medicinal plants have so far been enlisted as growing or available in Bangladesh.
			{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"
	[[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']]		\|-
			! colspan="9" \|Some common medicinal plants of Bangladesh.
	[[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']]		\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']]
	[[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']]		\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']]
	[[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]		\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']]
			\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]
			}

	{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"		{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"

Mukbil at 15:40, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:40:54Z

Show changes

Mukbil at 15:31, 25 August 2021

2021-08-25T15:31:43Z

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 25 August 2021
Line 62:		Line 62:

	'''''Medicinal plants''''' The total number of plants with medicinal properties in the subcontinent at present stands at about 2000. About 450 to 500 of such medicinal plants have so far been enlisted as growing or available in Bangladesh.		'''''Medicinal plants''''' The total number of plants with medicinal properties in the subcontinent at present stands at about 2000. About 450 to 500 of such medicinal plants have so far been enlisted as growing or available in Bangladesh.
			{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"
	[[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']]		\|-
			! colspan="9" \|Some common medicinal plants of Bangladesh.
	[[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']]		\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora1.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Ulatkambal, ''Abroma augusta'']]
	[[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']]		\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora2.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Nayantara, ''Catharanthus roseus'']]
	[[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]		\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora3.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Mehedi, ''Lawsonia inermis'']]
			\|-
			\| [[Image:Flora4.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Kurchi, ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'']]
			}

	{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"		{\| class="table table-bordered table-hover"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 25 August 2021
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	\| Local name \|\| Scientific name \|\| Uses		\| Local name \|\| Scientific name \|\| Uses
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ulatkambal \|\| ~~‘’Abroma augusta’’~~ \|\| Emmenogogue; used in amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea.		\| Ulatkambal \|\| ''Abroma augusta'' \|\| Emmenogogue; used in amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Muktajhuri \|\| ~~‘’Acalypha indica’’~~ \|\| Expectorant, emetic, diuretic; used in bronchitis and asthma.		\| Muktajhuri \|\| ''Acalypha indica'' \|\| Expectorant, emetic, diuretic; used in bronchitis and asthma.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Apabg \|\| Achyranthes aspera \|\| Purgative, diuretic, ecbolic, hypoglycemic; used in renal dropsy, piles, anasarca, boils and other skin eruptions.		\| Apabg \|\| ''Achyranthes aspera'' \|\| Purgative, diuretic, ecbolic, hypoglycemic; used in renal dropsy, piles, anasarca, boils and other skin eruptions.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Basak \|\| Adhatoda zeylanica \|\| Expectorant, bronchodilator, used in cough, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, phthisis and respiratory problems.		\| Basak \|\| ''Adhatoda zeylanica'' \|\| Expectorant, bronchodilator, used in cough, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, phthisis and respiratory problems.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Bel \|\| Aegle marmelos \|\| Digestive, stomachic, laxative, astringent; used in constipation and dysentery.		\| Bel \|\| ''Aegle marmelos'' \|\| Digestive, stomachic, laxative, astringent; used in constipation and dysentery.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Rashun \|\| Allium sativum \|\| Carminative, diuretic, hypotensive, used in indigestion, hypertension and diabetes.		\| Rashun \|\| ''Allium sativum'' \|\| Carminative, diuretic, hypotensive, used in indigestion, hypertension and diabetes.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Chhatim \|\| Alstonia scholaris \|\| Febrifuge, antiperiodic, astringent, anthelmintic, hypotensive; used in fever, hypertension, diarrhoea and dysentery.		\| Chhatim \|\| ''Alstonia scholaris'' \|\| Febrifuge, antiperiodic, astringent, anthelmintic, hypotensive; used in fever, hypertension, diarrhoea and dysentery.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Kalomegh \|\| Andrographis paniculata \|\| Febrifuge, alterative, stomachic, anthelmintic, cholagogue; used in liver diseases, colic, fever, diarrhoea and dyspepsia.		\| Kalomegh \|\| ''Andrographis paniculata'' \|\| Febrifuge, alterative, stomachic, anthelmintic, cholagogue; used in liver diseases, colic, fever, diarrhoea and dyspepsia.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Xatamuli \|\| Asparagus racemosus \|\| Roots aphrodisiac, alterative, diuretic; promotes lactation; also used in diabetes.		\| Xatamuli \|\| ''Asparagus racemosus'' \|\| Roots aphrodisiac, alterative, diuretic; promotes lactation; also used in diabetes.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Neem \|\| Azadirachta indica \|\| Antiseptic; used in fevers, boils, ulcers, eczema and other skin diseases.		\| Neem \|\| ''Azadirachta indica'' \|\| Antiseptic; used in fevers, boils, ulcers, eczema and other skin diseases.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Brahmixak \|\| Bacopa monniera \|\| Blood purifier, brain-, nerve- and cardiac tonic, diuretic; also used for epilepsy.		\| Brahmixak \|\| ''Bacopa monniera'' \|\| Blood purifier, brain-, nerve- and cardiac tonic, diuretic; also used for epilepsy.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Nayantara \|\| Catharanthus roseus \|\| Used in blood cancer, Hodgkin’s disease and diabetes.		\| Nayantara \|\| ''Catharanthus roseus'' \|\| Used in blood cancer, Hodgkin’s disease and diabetes.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Thankuni \|\| Centella asiatica \|\| Leaf juice is used in cataract and other eye diseases; plant is used in dysentery, internal and external ulcers, convulsive disorders.		\| Thankuni \|\| ''Centella asiatica'' \|\| Leaf juice is used in cataract and other eye diseases; plant is used in dysentery, internal and external ulcers, convulsive disorders.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Babchi \|\| Cullen corylifolia \|\| Seed extract is used in leucoderma, leprosy, psoriasis and inflammatory skin diseases.		\| Babchi \|\| ''Cullen corylifolia'' \|\| Seed extract is used in leucoderma, leprosy, psoriasis and inflammatory skin diseases.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Kalo Dhutra \|\| Datura metel \|\| Narcotic, anodyne and antispasmodic; leaves used in spasmodic asthma, colic, sciatica painful tumours, glandular inflammations.		\| Kalo Dhutra \|\| ''Datura metel'' \|\| Narcotic, anodyne and antispasmodic; leaves used in spasmodic asthma, colic, sciatica painful tumours, glandular inflammations.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ayapan \|\| Eupatorium triplinerve \|\| Haemostatic and antiseptic; used in ulcers and haemorrhages and also as cardiac stimulant, emetic, diaphoretic and laxative.		\| Ayapan \|\| ''Eupatorium triplinerve'' \|\| Haemostatic and antiseptic; used in ulcers and haemorrhages and also as cardiac stimulant, emetic, diaphoretic and laxative.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Anantamul \|\| Hemidesmus indicus \|\| Alterative, sudurific, diuretic and blood purifier; used in abdominal tumours.		\| Anantamul \|\| ''Hemidesmus indicus'' \|\| Alterative, sudurific, diuretic and blood purifier; used in abdominal tumours.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Kurchi \|\| Holarrhena antidysenterica \|\| Antidysenteric, astringent, stomachic and anthelmintic. Fruits are hypoglycaemic.		\| Kurchi \|\| ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'' \|\| Antidysenteric, astringent, stomachic and anthelmintic. Fruits are hypoglycaemic.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Chalmoogra \|\| Hydnocarpus kurzii \|\| Seed oil is used as a cure for leprosy and other skin diseases.		\| Chalmoogra \|\| ''Hydnocarpus kurzii'' \|\| Seed oil is used as a cure for leprosy and other skin diseases.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Mehedi \|\| Lawsonia inermis \|\| Paste of leaves and bark is used in burns and scalds, dandruff and various other skin diseases. Decoction in jaundice.		\| Mehedi \|\| ''Lawsonia inermis'' \|\| Paste of leaves and bark is used in burns and scalds, dandruff and various other skin diseases. Decoction in jaundice.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Sarpagondha \|\| Raulwolfia serpentina \|\| Roots are used as remedy for hypertension, insomnia, anxiety, excitement and insanity.		\| Sarpagondha \|\| ''Raulwolfia serpentina'' \|\| Roots are used as remedy for hypertension, insomnia, anxiety, excitement and insanity.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ashoke \|\| Saraca asoca \|\| Strongly astringent and uterine sedative; used in menorrhagia, haemorrhoids and ulcers.		\| Ashoke \|\| ''Saraca asoca'' \|\| Strongly astringent and uterine sedative; used in menorrhagia, haemorrhoids and ulcers.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Arjun \|\| Terminalia arjuna \|\| Bark is hypotensive, cardiac tonic, astringent and febrifuge; has tonic effect on liver cirrhosis.		\| Arjun \|\| ''Terminalia arjuna'' \|\| Bark is hypotensive, cardiac tonic, astringent and febrifuge; has tonic effect on liver cirrhosis.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Methi \|\| Trigonella foenum-graecum \|\| Diuretic, carminative, emollient, tonic; used in menstrual disorders, diabetes, hypertension and sexual problems		\| Methi \|\| ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'' \|\| Diuretic, carminative, emollient, tonic; used in menstrual disorders, diabetes, hypertension and sexual problems
	Axwagondha \|\| Withania somniferum \|\| Roots are used in headache, convulsions, insomnia, hiccup, coughs and dropsy.		Axwagondha \|\| ''Withania somniferum'' \|\| Roots are used in headache, convulsions, insomnia, hiccup, coughs and dropsy.
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ada \|\| Zingiber officinale \|\| Rhizome is carminative, stomachic, digestive; used in dyspepsia, vomiting, loss of voice, coughs, sore throat and fever.		\| Ada \|\| ''Zingiber officinale'' \|\| Rhizome is carminative, stomachic, digestive; used in dyspepsia, vomiting, loss of voice, coughs, sore throat and fever.
	\|}		\|}