University of Dhaka

University of Dhaka the oldest and largest university in Bangladesh and one of the oldest and most distinguished institutions for higher education and research in the Indian Subcontinent. The University was established in 1921 under the Dacca University Act 1920 of the Indian Legislative Council. It was established in the Ramna area of Dhaka City with approximately 600 acres of land. A large portion of its initial infrastructure comprised with the teachers of the Dhaka College and its buildings (present Curzon Hall). It opened its doors to academic activities on 1 July 1921 as a residential university. The University started its activities with 3 faculties (Arts, Science and Law), 12 teaching departments, 60 teachers, 847 students and 3 residential halls. There were eight departments under Arts faculty viz. Sanskrit and Bangla, English, Education, History, Arabic and Islamic Studies, Persian and Urdu, Philosophy, and Political Economy; the faculty of Science started with three departments viz. Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics; and the faculty of Law started with the Department of Law. Out of the total students enrolled in the three faculties 386 were admitted in the Dhaka (Shahidullah) Hall, 313 in the Jagannath Hall and 178 in the Salimullah Muslim Hall as resident and non resident students.

Faculty Name	Established	Number of Departments	First Dean
Faculty of Arts	1921	16	Dr. R. C Majumder
Faculty of Science	1921	6	Professor W. A Jenkins
Faculty of Law	1921	1	Dr. N. C Sengupta
Faculty of Medicine	1946	Affiliated medical colleges	Major W. J Virgin
Faculty of Education	1956	Affiliated colleges and institutes	Md. Osman Ghani
Faculty of Post-Graduate Medicine and Research	1972	Affiliated medical colleges	Professor Dr. N Islam
Faculty of Business Studies	1970	8	Professor Abdullah Faruque
Faculty of Social Sciences	1970	11	Professor Mirza Nurul Huda
Faculty of Biological Sciences	1974	9	Professor A. K. M Nurul Islam
Faculty of Pharmacy	1995	3	Professor Muniruddin Ahmed
Faculty of Fine Arts	2008	8	Professor Abdus Shakur Shah
Faculty of Engineering and Technology	2008	3	Professor Nimchandra Bhawmick (acting)
Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences	2008	2	Professor Muhammad Kamrul Hasan (acting)

Institute Name	Established	Number of students	First Director
Institute of Education and Research	1961	800	Dr. G. D Morison
Institute of Statistical Research and Training	1964	393	Dr. Qazi Motahar Husain
Institute of Business Administration	1966	838	Professor M Shafiullah
Institute of Nutrition and Food Science	1969	238	Professor Kamal Uddin Ahmed
Institute of Social Welfare and Research	1973	954	Professor M. A Momen
Institute of Modern Languages	1974	1076	Professor A. H. M Abdul Hai
Institute of Health Economics	1998	120	Dr. Sushil Ranjan Hawlader
Institute of Information Technology	2001	146	Professor Ahmed Shafi

Today, there are 13 faculties, 67 departments, 8 institutes, 30 Bureau and research centres, 1,693 teachers, about 32,540 students and 17 residential halls and three hostels. Two-thirds of the present faculty members possess degrees from universities of Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. Many of them achieved international renown for their scholarship. Many also have the experience of teaching in well-known institutions of higher learning abroad. Dr. Muhammad Yunus, a student of this university and a renowned economist of Bangladesh and founder of the Grameen Bank, won the Nobel Prize for peace in 2006.

Initially, the teachers and students of the university worked hard to build up an outstanding record of academic achievement, earning for itself the reputation of being the 'Oxford of the East'. The university contributed to the emergence of a generation of leaders who distinguished themselves in different walks of life.

Until the Partition of Bengal in 1947, it maintained its unique character of being one of the few residential institutions of higher learning in Asia. In 1947, it assumed academic authority over all educational institutions above the secondary level falling within East Bengal. In the process it became a teaching-cum-affiliating institution. This transformation, coupled with its unprecedented growth in the years that followed, put strains beyond reckoning on its human as well as material resources.

The emergence of several new universities later did little to ease the burden of Dhaka University. Its academic life was severely disrupted during the war of liberation when a large number of its distinguished teachers and a considerable number of students and employees lost their lives.

The teachers, who were killed, include Dr. GC Dev (Department of Philosophy), Dr. ANM Muniruzzaman (Department of Statistics), Santosh C Bhattacharya (Department of History), Dr. Jyotirmoy Guha Thakurta (Department of English), AN Munir Chowdhury (Department of Bangla), Mofazzal Haider Chowdhury (Department of Bangla), Dr. Abul Khair (Department of History), Dr. Serajul Hoque Khan (Institute of Education and Research), Rashidul Hasan (Department of English), Anwar Pasha (Department of Bangla), Dr. Fazlur Rahman (Department of Soil Science), Giasuddin Ahmed (Department of History), Dr. Faizul Mohee (Institute of Education and Research), Abdul Muktadir (Department of Geology), Sarafat Ali (Department of Mathematics), Sadat Ali (Institute of Education and Research), Ataur Rahman Khan Khadim (Department of Mathematics), and Anudaipayan Bhattachariya (Department of Physics). The university's chief medical officer, Dr. Mohammad Mortuza, and a teacher of the University Laboratory School, Mohammad Sadeq were also killed.

Residential Hall/Hostel

Name of the Hall	Established	Number of residential students	First provost
Salimullah Muslim Hall	1921	805	Sir A. F Rahman
Shahidullah Hall (Dhaka Hall)	1921	1225	Professor F. C Turner
Jagannath Hall	1921	1802	Dr. Naresh Chandra Sengupta
Fazlul Haq (Muslim) Hall	1940	766	Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah
Zahurul Haq (Iqbal) Hall	1957	1325	Dr. Mofijuddin Ahmed
Ruqayyah Hall	1963	1904	Mrs. Akhter Imam
Surjasen (Mohammad Ali Jinnah) Hall	1966	1047	Professor M Shafiullah
Sir P. J Hartog (International Hostel) International Hall	1966	124	Professor M Afsaruddin
Haji Muhammad Mohsin Hall	1967	1192	Professor Md. Innas Ali
Shamsun Nahar Hall	1971	1350	Dr. Syeda Fatema Sadeq
Kabi Jasimuddin Hall	1976	387	Professor K. M. A Qamruddin
Sir A. F Rahman Hall	1976	1000	Dr. A. M. M Nurul Hoq Bhuiyan
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Hall	1988	730	Professor Abu Zafar
Muktijoddha Ziaur Rahman Hall	1988	944	Dr. A. F. M Khudadad Khan
Bangladesh-Kuwait Maitree Hall	1989	700	Dr. Hamida Akhter Begum
Amar Ekushey Hall	2000	596	Dr. Shahid Akhter Hossain
Begum Fazilatun Nesa Mujib Hall	2000	649	Dr. Nasrin Ahmed
Begum Sufia Kamal	2012	To be admitted in the next academic session	Dr. Nilufar Nahar

The university demonstrated an inherent strength in its activities during its eventful and often critical existence of over 90 years. Today, it provides about 70% of the trained human resources of Bangladesh engaged in education, science and technology, administration, diplomacy, mass communication, politics, trade and commerce, and industrial enterprises in all sectors.

The university, however, was not founded in a day; nor did the process get going without pains. A combination of a whole set of political, social and economic compulsions persuaded the government of India to establish it 'as a splendid imperial compensation' to Muslims for the annulment of the partition of Bengal. The first vice-chancellor of the university, Dr. PJ Hartog, formerly academic registrar of the University of London for 17 years and a member of the university of calcutta Commission, described this phenomenon as the 'political origin' of the institution.

The partition of bengal in 1905 provided the Muslim majority community of East Bengal and Assam with a sphere of influence of their own and raised new hopes for the development of the region and advancement of its people.

But its annulment, barely six years later in the face of stiff opposition from the powerful Hindu leadership, was viewed by Muslims as 'a grievous wrong'. Muslims were late to realise that their educational backwardness was a root cause of their decline in other fields of life. Hindus had a clear lead of at least 50 years in adopting the system of education introduced by the British, which freed the Indian mind from the 'thraldom of old-world ideas' and initiated a renaissance in Indian life. This put Hindus in advantageous positions in every sphere of influence in Bengal. At least four high-level commissions - the hunter commission of 1882, the nathan commission of 1912, the Hornell Committee of 1913, and the Calcutta University Commission of 1917 - confirmed this observation.

Viceroy lord hardinge was quick to perceive the dissatisfaction of Muslims at the government's decision for annulment of the partition and decided to pay an official visit to Dhaka to assuage the aggrieved community. A deputation of high ranking Muslim leaders, including Sir Nawab khwaja salimullah, Nawab Syed Nawab Ali Choudhury and ak fazlul huq, met him on 31 January 1912 and expressed their fears that the annulment would retard the educational progress of their community. As compensation for the annulment of the Partition, as well as protest against the general antipathy of Calcutta University towards Muslims, the deputation made a vigorous demand for a university at Dhaka. In response, Lord Hardinge acknowledged that education was the true salvation of Muslims and that the government would recommend to the Secretary of State the constitution of such a university.

This was confirmed in an official communiquE9 on 2 February 1912. Lord Hardinge admitted that since 1906 the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam had made great strides forward. That year there were 1,698 collegiate students in Eastern Bengal and Assam, and expenditure on collegiate education was Rs 154,358. In 1912, with the same number of institutions, the corresponding figures are 2,560 students and Rs 383,619. Educational classes and schemes were formed with reference to local conditions.

From 1905 to 1910-11, the number of pupils in public institutions rose from 699,051 to 936,653 and the expenditure from provincial revenues rose from Rs 1,106,510 to Rs 2,205,339 while the local expenditure, direct and indirect, rose from Rs 4,781,833 to Rs 7,305,260.

Many Hindu leaders were not happy with the government's intention to set up a university at Dhaka. On 16 February 1912, a delegation headed by advocate Dr Rashbehari Ghosh, met the viceroy and expressed the apprehension that the establishment of a separate university at Dhaka would promote 'an internal partition of Bengal'. They also contended, as was recorded in the Calcutta University Commission report later, that 'Muslims of Eastern Bengal were in large majority cultivators and they would benefit in no way by the foundation of a university'. Lord Hardinge assured the delegation that no proposals, which could lead to the internal partition or division of Bengal would meet the support of the government. He also expressed that the new university would be open to all and it would be a teaching and a residential university. At one stage, Lord Hardinge told Sir Asutosh Mukherjee, vice-chancellor of Calcutta University, that he was determined to establish a university at Dhaka in spite of all their opposition.

The opposition by Hindu intelligentsia was not the only hurdle in implementation of the plan for the new university. Many complex legal and material issues were to be examined. After obtaining the approval of the Secretary of State, in a letter on 4 April 1912, the government of India invited the government of Bengal to submit a complete scheme for the university, along with a financial estimate. Accordingly, in a resolution of 27 May 1912, the government of Bengal appointed a committee of 13 members' headed by Mr Robert Nathan, a barrister from London, to draw up a scheme for Dhaka University. Other members of the Committee were G.W Kuchler, Director of Public Instruction, Dr. Rashbehari Ghosh, Advocate of Calcutta, Nawab Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury, Nawab Sirajul Islam, Ananda Chandra Roy, Pleader and Zamindar of Dhaka, W.A.T Archbold, Principal of Dhaka College, Lalit Mohan Chatterjee, Principal of Jagannath College, Shamsul Ulama Abu Nasr Muhammad Waheed, Superintendent of Dhaka Madrasa (later on Islamic Intermediate College and presently Kabi Nazrul Government College), Mohammad Ali of Aligarh, H.R James Principal of Presidency College, Calcutta, C.W Peake, Professor of Presidency College and Satis Chandra Acharji, Principal of Sanskrit College, Calcutta. D.S Fraser, ICS, worked as the Secretary of the Committee. Popularly known as nathan commission, this committee prepared a complete scheme for the establishment of Dhaka University. The resolution emphasised that 'the university should be a teaching and residential one and not of the federal type' and that 'it should bind together the colleges of the city and should not include any college which is beyond the limits of the town'. The committee acted with speed, and with the thoroughness and wisdom of 25 special sub-committees submitted its report in autumn of the same year.

The report contained plans of the proposed buildings and estimates of capital expenditure amounting to Rs 5.3 million (later raised to Rs 6.7 million by PWD) and of recurring expenditure amounting to Rs 1.2 million. The report went into considerable details about the mission of the university and its courses of study. The committee recommended that the university should be a state institution with unitary teaching and residential form on the model of modern UK universities such as Manchester, Leeds, and Liverpool, and that it should encompass seven colleges including Dacca College and Jagannath College. The entire teaching in science, law, medicine, and engineering at postgraduate level was to be conducted by the university itself. In fact, the Dhaka university model was highly appraised and was later followed in establishing new universities at Allahabad, Benaras, Hyderabad, Aligarh, Lucknow and Annamalai.

The Nathan Committee suggested for the university a spectacular site of about 450 acres of land in Ramna area. This site was a part of the new civil station created at Ramna for the government of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The site housed Curzon Hall, Dacca College, the new government house, the secretariat, the government press, a number of houses for officers, and other minor buildings. Later on, these buildings and other establishments including land were permanently leased to the University at a token price of taka 1000.00 (one thousand) only. The major recommendations of the Nathan Commission were:

The University of Dhaka should be a state university maintained by the government and staffed by the government officers; The University should be a unitary teaching and residential university in which the colleges were to form the units of the university; and The University should have a department of Islamic Studies to render university-level education and research in Islamic studies.

In due course, all this land with their buildings and other properties was made over to the university in a permanent lease on a nominal rent of Rs 1,000 a year. After the committee report was published in 1913, public opinion was invited before the university scheme was given its final shape. The secretary of state approved it in December 1913.

Then the First World War intervened creating acute financial stringency for the government. Even a skeletal scheme estimated to cost only Rs 1,125,000 could not be taken up. This caused misgivings in the minds of Muslim leaders. When Nawab Syed Nawab Ali Choudhury raised the issue in the Indian Legislative Council on 7 March 1917, Shankaran Nair, the government spokesman, reaffirmed the government pledge to establish the university at Dhaka, but added that consideration of a bill already drafted would now have to wait for a report from the Calcutta University Commission, to which the Dhaka university scheme had been referred for advice regarding its constitution and management.

The decision to appoint a commission to enquire into the problems and needs of Calcutta University was announced by its chancellor Lord Chelmsford at a convocation on 6 January 1917. Accordingly a commission was formed with Dr. ME Sadler as its chairman. The commission justified the setting up of a university at Dhaka, the second largest town of the Presidency.

Report of the Sadler Commission also indicated that Dhaka was already in the centre of a great student population as Dhaka division and Tippera district supplied 7,097 out of a total number of 27,290 students to the University of Calcutta. The Commission agreed with most parts of the Nathan Committee scheme and urged that the University of Dhaka should be established without further delay. The most notable recommendations of the Sadler Commission are:

1. Dhaka University shall not have the power of affiliation. Its sole activities shall include teaching and doing research.

2. Dhaka University shall be an autonomous institution.

The Dhaka University Bill was placed in the Imperial Legislative Council on 11 September 1919. The government referred the Bill to the Calcutta University authorities for consideration. On 9 November, the Calcutta University Senate formed a nine-member committee to examine the Bill. Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah, the only Bengali Muslim member on this committee and also a member of the Calcutta University Senate, expressed strong opinion in favour of the Bill. In the face of opposition by some members, the draft Bill was approved by the Senate meeting between 17 and 20 December 1919 with correction of some clauses of the Sections and sub sections of the Bill.

On 12 February 1920 the Indian Legislative Assembly resolved to refer the Dhaka University Bill to the Select Committee. On 18 March the Bill was passed and became an Act. The Governor General approved the Dhaka University Act on 23 March 1920. Under this Act the University of Dhaka started its activities on 1 July 1921.

The commission made 13 recommendations, which were adopted with few exceptions, in the Dhaka University Act 1920. The Governor General of India appointed Dr. PJ Hartog as the first vice-chancellor for a term of 5 years with effect from 1 December 1920. He assumed office on 10 December 1920.

VICE-CHANCELLORS

Name	From	To
Sir. P. J Hartog	01.12.1920	31.12.1925
Professor G. H Langley	01.01.1926	30.06.1934
Sir. A. F Rahman	01.07.1934	31.12.1936
Dr. R. C Majumder	01.01.1937	30.06.1942
Dr. Mahmud Hasan	01.07.1942	21.10.1948
Dr. S. M Hossain	22.10.1948	08.11.1953
Dr. W. A Jenkins	09.11.1953	08.11.1956
Justice Muhammad Ibrahim	09.11.1956	27.10.1958
Justice Hamoodur Rahman	05.11.1958	14.12.1960
Dr. Mahmud Husain	15.12.1960	19.02.1963
Dr. Md. Osman Ghani	20.02.1963	01.12.1969
Justice Abu Syed Chowdhury	02.12.1969	20.01.1972
Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury	21.01.1972	12.04.1973
Dr. Abdul Matin Chowdhury	13.04.1973	22.09.1975
Professor Muhammad Shamsul Huq	23.09.1975	01.02.1976
Dr. Fazlul Halim Chowdhury	02.02.1976	20.03.1983
Dr. A. K. M Siddiq	21.03.1983	16.08.1983
Dr. Md. Shamsul Huq	17.08.1983	12.01.1986
Professor Abdul Mannan	12.01.1986	22.03.1990
Professor M Maniruzzaman Miah	24.03.1990	31.10.1992
Professor Emajuddin Ahamed	01.11.1992	31.08.1996
Professor Shahid Uddin Ahmad	31.08.1996	29.09.1996
Professor A. K Azad Chowdhury	30.09.1996	12.11.2001
Professor Anwarullah Chowdhury	12.11.2001	31.07.2002
Professor A. F. M Yusuf Haider	01.08.2002	23.09.2002
Professor S. M. A Faiz	23.09.2002	16.01.2009
Professor A. A. M. S Arefin Siddique	Since 17.01. 2009	-

The new university immediately faced serious problems in regard to funds for which it was entirely dependent upon inelastic public revenues from the Bengal government, which would not give a single rupee without authorisation from the legislative council. The next difficulty, as reported by the Chancellor to the first court meeting, had been in satisfying the expectations of the Mohammedan community. In spite of the best endeavours the university administration was able to secure only a small number of Muslims for the teaching staff. The number of Muslim students representing barely 9% of university students in Bengal was insufficient in the university in its initial years. The annual recurring expenditure proposed by the Nathan committee for the university was Rs 1.3 million but Sir Pravash Mitter, education minister of the Bengal government, reduced it to Rs 500,000. A fund of about Rs 5.6 million built up by the government of India for capital expenditure on the university, when transferred to the Bengal government for disbursement, was merged by Mitter with provincial funds. Only Rs 900,000 was released on the plea that 'the Dhaka University was in possession of an extensive area of land and many buildings of the government of Bengal'.

On top of this, the education minister directed the University to retrench and restrict expenditure to stay within the recurring grant of Rs 500,000. The retrenchment was felt most severely in the departments of Islamic Studies, English, Chemistry and Economics.

Mr Hartog also referred to the rumour spread by activists of the Non-cooperation Movement that the tuition fee for an undergraduate student of the university was raised from Rs 8 to Rs 60. This discouraged admission in the opening session in 1921. Hartog, however, reported to the annual court meeting of 1922-23 that he felt proud of the achievements of the university.

Hartog put the university on a firm footing in his 5-year tenure of dedicated service. The advancement of the young university in the direction of academic excellence diligently marked by Hartog was carried forward by his able successors like Prof Harry Langley, AF Rahman, Dr. RC Majumdar, Dr. Mahmood Hasan and others.

Since 1921 twenty seven eminent personalities acted as Vice Chancellors of Dhaka University. The first Treasurer (honorary) of the University was J. H Lindsay ICS (1.7.1921 to 20.2.19220, first Registrar was Khanbahadur Naziruddin Ahmed (10.4.1921 to 30.6.1944) and the first Proctor of the University was Fida Ali Khan (1925 to 1930). The post of Pro Vice Chancellor was introduced since 1976. Professor Mofizullah Kabir was appointed as the first Pro Vice Chancellor of the University. Since then 13 persons were appointed in this post.

Since its inception in 1921, 45 general and a number of special convocations of the University were held in which various degrees were conferred upon the Dhaka University graduates. The first PhD degree was conferred upon Binoytosh Bhattacharya in 1925 (Arts) for his thesis 'Buddhist Iconography'. The first female candidate who received a PhD was Dr. Nilima Ibrahin in 1957 (Arts) for her thesis 'Samajik O Rajnaitik Patabhumikaye Unavimsa Satabdir Natok'. Two Muslims received the PhD degrees for the first time in 1939, one was Rajab Ali Mirza (Arts), thesis ' The Brigand poets of Arabia', and the other was Abdul Hakim (Arts), thesis 'History of the Lodi Sultans of Delhi'. So far 40 eminent internationally reputed personalities were offered honourary doctorates, Doctor of Law, Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature. Among the recipients of honourary doctorates (Honaris Cousa), mention may be made of Sir Jagadis Chandra Basu (Doctor of Science), Biswakabi Rabindranath Tagore (Doctor of Literature), Professor Satyendra Nath Bose (Doctor of Science), National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (Doctor of Literature), Nobel Laureate Professor Abdus Salam, FRS, (Doctor of Science), Nobel Laureate Professor Amartya Sen (Doctor of Science), Former Prime Minister and modern architect of Malayasia Tun Dr. Mohathir bin Mohammad (Doctor of Laws) and Nobel Laureate Professor Mohammad Yunus.

From its inception in 1921 to 1952 the Dhaka University used the monogram with the inscription 'Truth shall prevail' as its motto. The monogram of the University was later changed three times. The changed first monogram was adopted with the Arabic inscription Ikra bismay rabbi-kallaji khalak (1952 to 1972), the second monogram was adopted (1972 to 1973) with the Bengali inscription Shikshai Alo (education is light), and the third monogram still continues with the inscription Shikshai Alo with new design.

The Partition of Bengal in 1947 considerably altered the character of Dhaka University. The East Bengal Educational Ordinance of 1947 added an affiliating character to its residential-cum-teaching model by calling upon it to assume the responsibilities of affiliation and supervision of 55 colleges which were previously under the University of Calcutta. The university was unburdened of this responsibility in 1992 when the national university was created to take over this task.

During the World War II the government of India requisitioned some buildings of the university for military use. After Partition, the new government of East Pakistan requisitioned many more of them for offices and residences of government employees. This created an acute problem of accommodation to add to the problem of finance. The Pakistan government was indifferent to the university's needs and planned to move the university away from the city to keep its students out of politics. When General Ayub Khan seized power in October 1958, teachers and students of the university were already in the forefront of protests against the government's attempts to suppress the demands of the East Pakistanis for autonomy and the rightful place for Bengali as a state language of the country. In 1952, police killed some students agitating for a place of honour for their mother tongue. The government's response was to eventually replace the Dacca University Act 1920 by an ordinance in 1961, totally depriving the university of its autonomy and of democratic traditions. Termed a 'black law', the ordinance created a suffocating atmosphere in the university. The atmosphere of terror and oppression created in the whole country by successive military regimes led to mass upsurge, and ultimately, to the War of Liberation waged by Bangalis in 1971. Teachers and students of the university were in the forefront of this war and paid a heavy price in blood.

The liberation of Bangladesh saw the rebirth of the University of Dhaka. The infamous ordinance of 1961 was annulled and substituted by the Dacca University Order of 1973 which restored its autonomy and provided a democratic atmosphere for the community of teachers and students where they could engage freely and fully in academic and intellectual pursuits. In post-liberation years there was an extraordinary increase in the number of students and expansion of teaching departments. The government provides large chunks of funds from year to year for academic and physical expansion to keep pace with the demand for more space for classrooms and research, and accommodation of students, teachers and general employees.

From the beginning Dhaka University offered courses of study for the degrees BA, BSc. (Pass and Hons.), MA, MSc, LT, BT, BL, PhD and DSc. After the partition of India in 1947, the prestige of the University increased with the opening/introduction of new courses and establishment of new departments and faculties. The supervision of 55 degree and equivalent affiliated colleges was vested upon the Dhaka University. It should be noted here that since 1952 the affiliated colleges were given the responsibilities to offer the subjects for general bachelor degrees. By 1954, the number of affiliated colleges was 65. After the establishment of Rajshahi University in 1954, 17 colleges were affiliated under this University. Later on, when the Chittagong University was established in 1965, all the colleges of Chittagong Division were affiliated under Chittagong University. However, after the establishment of National University in 1994, all the affiliated colleges, including those under Dhaka University, came under the National University by a special order.

At present there are 74 constituent colleges and institutes (22 Government and 52 private) under Dhaka University. Among these 61 offer degrees on medical sciences including dental, nursing, physiology, homeopathic, Unani and Ayurvedic; 4 offers degrees on home economics and 9 on engineering and technology.

The university today, with its sizeable population, can take pride in its achievements, as well as the big impact this seat of learning has had on the social, political, economic and cultural life of Bangladesh. It was an adventure for Lila Nag, a Hindu girl, to get admitted to the university's MA course in 1921 and for Karunakana Gupta to become the first woman teacher in 1935. But at present, it is no adventure for 10,000 girl students and several hundred women teachers, mostly daughters of the Muslim 'cultivators', to become its heart and soul and the pride of the society in their achievements in every branch of knowledge.

It is noteworthy that Dhaka University never developed into a Muslim institution as apprehended by some Hindu leaders; on the contrary, more than 80% of its students and teachers were Hindus before Hindu families began migrating to India on a large scale after partition. Some of the eminent teachers who helped create Dhaka University's great tradition of scholarship were Prof. F.C Turner, Prof. G.H Langley, Dr. w. a jenkins, Prof Satyendra Nath Bose, Dr. J.C Ghose, Sir A.F Rahman, Fida Ali Khan, Prof. R.C Majumder, Prof. Muhammad Abdul Hai, Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah, Dr. Haraprasad Shastri, Prof Mukarram Hussain Khundkar, Dr. Qazi Motahar Hossain, Dr. Haridas Bhattacharya, Prof. A.N Munir Chowdhury, Prof. Jyotirmoy Guha Thakurta, Prof. G.C Dev, Prof. A.B.M Habibullah, Prof. Sushil Kumar Dey (SK Dey), Prof. A.K Nazmul Karim, Prof. Serajul Hoque, Prof. Ahmed Sharif, Prof. Nilima Ibrahim, Shilpacharya Joynul Abedin, Prof. Abdur Razzaque, Prof. M.R Tarafdar etc. That today there is a burgeoning Muslim middle class in Bangladesh is largely the contribution of this university.

The University of Dhaka may be regarded as the cradle of the intellectual movements floated in Bangladesh. Centering this institution there grew the educated middle class society of East Bengal. Simultaneously providing for education and research the University of Dhaka gave successful leadership to all national crises and democratic movements including Language Movement of 1952, the Autonomy Movement of 1966, the mass movement of 1969, the War of Liberation of 1971 and the movement against the autocratic rule of Lt. General Hussein Mohammad Ershad in 1990. A number of teachers, students and employees of this university sacrificed their lives in these movements. During the War of Liberation, 19 teachers of the university were victims of genocide as a part of their plan for killing of the intellectuals of the country. Besides, in the War of Liberation the university also lost 104 students, one officer and 28 employees.

On 2 March 1971 the Sarbadaliya Chhatra Sangram Parishad (All-Party Student Resistance Council) hoisted the flag of the independent Bangladesh on the roof of the 2nd floor of the western gate of the Arts Building of the University. The Pak army conducted a ruthless and brutal armed operation (known as operation searchlight) on the night of 25 March and killed many teachers, students and employees of the university. To commemorate the sacrifice of the martyrs of the university immortal an 'Intellectual Memorial Monument' was inaugurated on 26 March 1994 in front of the residence of the Vice Chancellor (Mol Chattar). The names of 150 martyrs including 19 teachers, 104 students, one officer and 28 employees are recorded in the memorial. In memory of the glorious War of Liberation the DUCSU (Dhaka University Central Student Union) inaugurated the sculpture 'Aparajeyo Bangla (built by eminent sculptor Syed Abdullah Khalid) in front of the Arts Building on 16 December 1979. In 1988 eminent artist Shamim Sikder built the sculpture 'Swoparjito Swadhinata' in a small island in front of the Teachers' Students Centre (TSC), and in 1991 she built the sculpture Swadhinata Sangram. This sculpture highlights, besides the War of Liberation, Language Movement of 1952,' Autonomy Movement of 1966 and mass upsurge of 1969. Besides, the Raju Bhaskarja (sculpture) has been built in 1997 in the Dhaka University campus as a symbol of anti-terrorist movement.

In recognition of the distinguished leadership role of the University during the War of Liberation and its contribution to education and research in Bangladesh, the Dhaka University was awarded the Independence Day Award in the category of education in 2011. Besides, 22 distinguished faculty members of the university received the Independence Day Award. They are Dr. Mukarram Hussain Khundkar, Department of Chemistry (posthumously, in science and technology, 1977), Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin, Institute of Fine Arts (posthumously, in fine arts, 1977), Qazi Motahar Husain, Department of Statistics (in science and technology, 1979), Professor Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury, Department of Political Science (posthumously, in education, 1979), Dr Muhammad Shahidullah, Department of Bangla (posthumously, in education, 1980), Shaheed Munier Chowdhury, Department of Bangla (posthumously, in literature, 1980), Dr. Serajul Haque, Department of Islamic Studies (in education, 1983), Professor' Mofiz-Ud-Din Ahmed, Department of Chemistry (in science and technology), Professor Aminul Islam, Institute of Fine Arts (in fine arts, 1988), Professor Aminul Islam, Department of Soil, Water and Environment (in science and technology, 1990), Professor Md. Innas Ali, Department of Physics (in science and technology, 1991), Professor Kazi Zakir Hossain, Department of Zoology (in education, 1992), Professor Safiuddin Ahmed, Institute of Fine Arts (in fine arts, 1996), Professor Kabir Chowdhury, Department of English (in education, 1997, Professor A.Q.M Bazlul Karim, Department of Soil, Water and Environment (in education, 1999), Professor A. F Salahuddin Ahmed, Department of History (in education, 1999), Professor Mohammad Kibria, Institute of Fine Arts (in fine arts, 1999), Professor Sardar Fazlul Karim, Department of Political Science (in education, 2000), Professor G.C Dev, Department of Philosophy (posthumously, in Liberation War of Bangladesh, 2008), Professor Rehman Sobhan, Department of Economics (in research and training, 2008), Professor Nilima Ibrahim, Department of Bangla (posthumously, for contribution to the War of Liberation, 2011) and Professor Mohammad Abul Hashem Khan (in culture, 2011).

After the War of Liberation rapid changes begun in the University in consonance with the political developments of the country. The University took up a large number of development projects to modernise its academic programmes to meet the growing demands of the 21st century, to implement more vocational and technology-based programmes, and to develop the human resources of the country. Several new departments were opened. It signed cooperation accords with more than 30 universities and research centres worldwide. It ranks high in the SAARC and Southeast Asia regions as a centre of excellence. Students from a number of countries regularly seek admission here. From the beginning the university aimed at complete development of students and therefore made provisions for gymnastics, athletics, games and sports. Physical education was made compulsory for all able-bodied students. University teams and athletes maintain a steady reputation of good performance.

The University Officers Training Corps (UOTC) was set up in 1923. Under the Territorial Forces Act of 1940 it was made into a UOTC battalion in 1956. It provides free military training to the students. In 1979, the Bangladesh National Cadet Core (BNCC) was formed to bring all such training units under a single umbrella. The Rover Scout Association was formed in December 1966. The Rangers Unit of the women students was formed in 1973 in lines with Rovers. To advise students in academic matters, particularly as regards studies, training and admission to foreign universities and institutions, the Dhaka University Students Information Bureau was set up in 1952. With the increase in the number of students and because of inadequate co-curricular pursuits available to them in their halls, the need was soon felt for a more organised programme of student guidance and counseling. So a Division of Student Affairs was formed in 1961 with a director as its head. This division was later integrated into the Teacher-Student Centre (TSC), which is a complex of buildings that provide a wide variety of recreational and cultural facilities. It includes, among other things, a cafeteria, an auditorium with a capacity of 1000, two seminar rooms, guest rooms for visiting scholars, a library, a reading room, art and music rooms, and a stage. A swimming pool, a provision store, a bookshop and a bank are other facilities at the centre. The auditorium is used for academic conferences, both national and international.

Nawab Nawab Ali Chowdhury Senate Bhaban, established in 2007, holds the Senate, Academic Council, Board of Advanced Studies, Syndicate and other meetings and conferences of the University. The Senate Bhaban has a 480 seated well equipped auditorium, a 200 seated seminar room and three well furnished lobbies marked as red, green and blue. The Dhaka University Alumni Association (DUAA) office is located in the ground floor of the Bhaban. The Dhaka University Alumni Association was established on 24 September 1949 with Justice M Ibrahim as its president. Since then, it is committed towards the development of the University through providing financial assistance to students and also undertakes various programmes to preserve the traditions of the university. At present the DUAA has about 8000 members in its roll which is increasing. The Dhaka University Employment Bureau was started in 1939-40 to secure jobs for qualified students of the university.

The university library began with 18,000 books inherited from the Dhaka College and Dhaka Law College. At that time it was located at the present Ward No. 32 of the Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Mr. F.C Turner was the first Librarian of the University. At present the Library, housed in three separate buildings, is the largest in Bangladesh. A noteworthy feature in the development of the library is the collection of research materials for MPhil and PhD courses. The India Office Library in London provided a rich source of collection of books of rare value in different forms. The Library has a collection of more than 650000 volumes including bound volumes of journals. Besides, it has a collection of about 30000 rare manuscripts on various languages and a large number of microfilms and microfiche and CDs. The Science Library (a branch of the Central Library) is mainly used by the teachers and students of science, biological science and pharmacy faculties.

The Dhaka University Medical centre, with about 30 physicians, provides free medical treatment to students, teachers and staff and also family members of teachers and staff of the University. Besides, giving general medical services, the Centre also has a Homeo medical unit, a dental unit, an eye unit, x-ray unit, pathological examinations unit, etc.

To help and guide students in games and sports the University has a well equipped physical education centre having facilities in both in-door and out-door games. The centre has a play ground which is the official stadium of the University. Besides, the centre has a modern swimming pool complex. Every year the centre hosts inter-departments, inter-hall, inter-universities and national level games and sports. [Sajahan Miah]